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Function And Structure > Pregnancy And Genetics Test 5 > Flashcards

Pregnancy And Genetics Test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

How much sperm is deposited into the female vagina during intercourse?

A

Millions of sperm

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2
Q

How many sperm actually make it alive to the fallopian tube? Why do some sperm not make it?

A

Only a 100 to 1000 actually make it.

Leak out of the vagina
Destroyed by females acidic pH environment
Defected or abnormal sperm
Immune cells destroy it
Uterus contractions
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3
Q

How fast can sperm reach the egg?

A

In a couple of minutes

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4
Q

What two processes does sperm under go to be able to penetrate the egg?

A

Capacitation

Acrosomal reaction

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5
Q

This is the process by which the glycoprotein coat and covering surrounding the acrosome of the sperm starts to break down

A

Capacitation

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6
Q

How long does capacitation take and what starts it?

A

Takes about 2 to 10 hours

It has started by the uterine secretions

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7
Q

The ovulated oocyte is surrounded by what two main layer?

Sperm cells must get through both these layers to get to the egg cells

A

Superficially: corona radiates cells

Deeper: zone pellucida membrane

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8
Q

How do you sperm cells get through the layers to get to the egg?

What happens when a sperm cell passes through the second layer a.k.a. Zona pellucida

A

Sperm is enzymes that Unglues the layers from each other

The two gametes will join together to form a haploid cell (one unit)

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9
Q

To prevent other sperm from passing through the Zona Pellicida what reaction occurs?

A

Cortical reaction

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10
Q

What is cortical reaction?

A

Destruction of the sperm receptors on the semiconductor layer

Detaches sperm cells that are already attached to the receptors

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11
Q

What releases enzymes that break down the cells and the sons pellucida

A

Acrosomes on the sperms heads

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12
Q

The nucleus of the sperm combines with the nucleus of the egg which has 23 chromosomes each creating a single cell with 46 chromosomes. This fertilized egg is now called a what?

A

Zygote

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13
Q

This results when two eggs or ovulated and then fertilize my separate sperm

A

Fraternal twins

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14
Q

These type of twins do not have the same genetic information. They may be the same or different gender. Each twin implants on a different part of the urine wall and develops in its own placenta

Two eggs and two sperm

A

Fraternal twins a.k.a. dizygotic

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15
Q

These type of twins almost always share the same placenta however each develops in a separate amniotic sac.

This is when I fertilized egg divides into two and carry identical genetic information

One egg and one sperm

A

Identical twins

Aka monozygotic

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16
Q

When an egg is fertilized it initiates a developmental process that lasts until when?

A

Until the fetus is delivered

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17
Q

The is the period of growth before birth

A

Prenatal period

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18
Q

The prenatal period System of what three major stages?

A

Preembryonic stage
Embryonic stage
Fetal stage

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19
Q

This is the stage where first cellular divisions of fertilized egg happens

It travels through the Fallopian tubes to the uterus

ImPlantation of fertilized egg into the endometrium

A

Preembryonic stage

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20
Q

After an egg is fertilized by sperm cell is referred to as what?

A

Zygote

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21
Q

The first cellular division of the zygote does not increase in size but increases in what?

A

Cell numbers

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22
Q

72 hours after fertilization how many cells are formed and what is it called?

A

16 cells

Morula

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23
Q

How many days after fertilization does the morula enter the uterine cavity where it floats for two or three days

A

3 to 4

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24
Q

After the morula -Cell clusters begin to divide and form what?

It consists of outer layer of cells and inner cell mass called what ?? which eventually forms the placenta while the inner cell mass becomes the Embryo

A

Blastocyte

Trophoblast

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25
Q

How many days after ovulation does the blastocyte attach to the endometrium?

What is the process called?

A

6

Implantation

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26
Q

This is the process in which the embryo forms and develops

A

Embryogenesis

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27
Q

The embryonic stage begins with the fertilization of an egg and last until what week post fertilization?

A

8th week

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28
Q

The embryonic stages primary objective is to form what three germ layers?

These layers will form into all the organs of the body

A

Mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm

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29
Q

This is a see-through sack that completely enveloped the embryo

It protects the embryo from trauma as well as changes in temperature

The fetus breathes the fluid and swallows it

Why does the volume remains stable?

A

Amnion

The fetus regularly urinate into the sac

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30
Q

This is the outermost membrane it surrounds the other membranes

A

Chorion

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31
Q

This develops The umbilical cord

Later it becomes part of the urinary bladder

A

Allantois

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32
Q

This produces red blood cells until the sixth week, Then it is taken over by the liver.

It also helps formation of the digestive tract

A

Yolk sac

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33
Q

This is a temporary Organ that originates from embryonic and endometrial tissue

It provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removes waste products from the babies blood

A

Placenta

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34
Q

Where is the placenta located?

A

It attaches to the wall of the uterus and the babies umbilical cord

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35
Q

After delivery of the baby what happens to the placenta?

A

Detaches and slouches off

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36
Q

This is the connection between the developing fetus in the placenta

A

Umbilical cord

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37
Q

Umbilical cord consists of what blood vessels?

A

Umbilical arteries

Umbilical veins

38
Q

This helps the fetal heart pump deoxygenated nutrient blood back into placenta

A

Umbilical arteries

39
Q

This supplies the fetus with oxygenated nutrient blood

A

Umbilical veins

40
Q

What does the fetal stage begin?

A

Week 9 and through delivery

41
Q

On week nine the fetus has grown how many inches and how many ounces? How many to birth?

A

1 inch and a half ounce

To 14 inches to 7+pounds

42
Q

The growth of the fetus is dependent on what?

A

The female organ systems, nutrients, and waste products of the fetus

43
Q

How many trimesters in pregnancy are there?

A

3

44
Q

First trimester of pregnancy is how many weeks?

A

0-12 weeks

45
Q

Second trimester of pregnancy is how many weeks

A

13-40

46
Q

The third trimester of pregnancy is how many weeks?

A

29-40

47
Q

Term pregnancy is considered how many weeks?

A

40 weeks

48
Q

Infants delivered before the end of what week are considered premature?

A

37 weeks

49
Q

Embryonic development is how many weeks?

A

0-8 weeks

50
Q

fetal development is how many weeks?

A

9-40weeks

51
Q

This includes both the embryonic and fetal development stage

It is most crucial to the baby’s development

Most miscarriages and birth defects occur during this trimester

Nazia morning sickness, fatigue, breast tenderness and frequent urination are all common for the mother during the stage

A

1st Trimester 0-12 weeks

52
Q

This is referred to as the golden. Because many of the undesired side effects of pregnancy are gone

Maybe develop heartburn, constipation, back pain, abdominal pain, leg cramps

A

2nd trimester 13-28 weeks

53
Q

This is the Final stages of fetal development in rapid growth of fetus

Uterus gets bigger because fetus is bigger

Shortness of breath, urinary continents, varicose vein, hemorrhoids, increase blood pressure, heartburn, stomach disturbances

A

3rd trimester

54
Q

What 6 organ systems change in the mother during pregnancy?

A 
Digestive system 
Cardiovascular system 
Respiratory system
Urinary system
Integumentary system 
Reproductive system
55
Q

This represents the end of pregnancy and is the process of giving birth to the baby

A

Parturition

56
Q

This is expelling the infant from the uterus

A

Labor

57
Q

What happens to the placenta right before labor is initiated

A

Estrogen levels are secreted from the placenta

and the high estrogen levels stimulate the uterus to prepare for a contraction which stimulates cells to increase oxytocin receptor production

58
Q

What Can create false labor contractions? Called Braxton hicks contractions

A

The rising estrogen levels from the placenta

59
Q

What are the three stages to labor?

A

Dilation stage
Expulsion stage
Placenta stage

60
Q

This is the process of passing traits from parents to offspring

A

Heredity

61
Q

What did the traits of heredity include?

A

Hair and Eye color, personality, height, diseases/conditions

62
Q

The study of heredity

A

Genetics

63
Q

Heredity and genetics revolves around our cells what?

A

DNA

64
Q

These are specific sequences of nucleotides that provide instructions for cells to produce proteins called genes

A

DNA

65
Q

these create traits in the body

A

Proteins

66
Q

This is an organ is complete set of DNA

How many chromosomes does it have?

A

Genome

46

67
Q

All human cells except for germ cells contain how many pairs of chromosomes?

A

23 each

68
Q

These consist of long strands of tightly coiled DNA

A

Chromosomes

69
Q

These are traits that each person inherits

They vary in size, ranging from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million

A

Genes

70
Q

Chromosomes are divided into how many homologous pairs of chromosomes and how many pairs of sex chromosomes?

A

22

1

71
Q

Each pair of chromosomes consist of inherited chromosomes from the mother and father. What are these chromosomes called?

A

Autosomes

72
Q

In females these chromosomes are large and arm designated by the letter X

In males One chromosome is an an x and one is a smaller crowd was on designated by the Y

A

Sex chromosomes

73
Q

The location of a specific gene on each chromosome is referred to as what?

A

Locus

74
Q

How many copies of each gene are there?

A

2

75
Q

Each chromosome copy will carry the same locus for each gene? True or false

A

True

76
Q

These jeans will provide the instructions for specific traits that can be slightly different

A

Locus

77
Q

You have two copies of the genes found on chromosomes one through what?

Both copies have the same what?

Do they have to be exactly the same ?

A

22

Locus

No

78
Q

Different variations of the genes making them different such as curly or straight hair is referred to as what?

A

Alleles

79
Q

These can be either dominant or recessive

A

Alleles

80
Q

Straight hair is dominant or recessive ?

A

Dominant

Heterozygous or homozygous

81
Q

If the alleles are different the person is said to be heterozygous or homozygous?

A

Heterozygous

82
Q

The location of a specific gene on a chromosome is called it’s what?

A

Locus

83
Q

If a person has two alleles that are the same the person is said to be what? For that trait

A

Homozygous

84
Q

When some one is paired with brown and blue eyes the trait is what?

A

Heterozygous

85
Q

This is a diagram used to determine the odds or probability of a phenotype for particular gene that an offspring can inherent

A

Punnett squares

86
Q

This is a change in a gene’s nucleotide sequence

It leads to faulty protein production

A

A mutation

87
Q

What can cause mutations?

A

Accidentally DNA replication, radiation, smoke, chemicals, and viruses

88
Q

What happens when an allele is mutated?

A

It can be passed onto the offspring

89
Q

A mutation is a genetic disorder true or false?

A

True

90
Q

If the mutation occurs within the dominant allele it is called what?

It needs how many dominant alleles present?

A

Autosomal dominant inheritance

One

(More common)

91
Q

If the mutation is within the recessive Allele it is called what?

What alleles does it need present?

A

Autosomal recessive inheritance

Need both recessive Alleles present

Function And Structure (7 decks)

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