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Nutrition and Health > Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Lifespan:

A

the length of time an individual is alive

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2
Q

Nutrition needs change over a person’s lifespan

A

Ex. eating more/less of certain nutrients, adjusting servings, calories consumed, method of preparation

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3
Q

Foods eaten are determined by

A

budget, health and culture

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4
Q

Pasteurized VS unpasteurized

A

Kill harmful bacteria

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5
Q

Why do people eat?

A

Nutrition needs - to remain healthy
Social - coming together with friends and family
Emotional reasons - when one is sad or happy
Enjoyment - simply for the love food

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6
Q

Why does the need for nutrition vary throughout the lifespan?

A

Growth and development throughout the stages vary
Ex. children and infants are growing quicker than adults, whose growth has stopped. Different foods or different amounts of food maybe more appropriate from children than adults

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7
Q

Carrot juice vs water cereal study

A

People preference can be decided before the baby is born

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8
Q

Pregnancy

A

Nutritional choices of pregnant women have a direct bearing on their babies
Lifestyle changes need to be made when planning to have a baby as crucial development of a baby occurs before she realizes she is pregnant

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9
Q

The neural tube in a fetus eventually becomes the

A

entral nervous system (CNS) - Brain + Spinal cord

It occurs during early on pregnancy

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10
Q

Folic acid 400mcg (micrograms)

A
  • Critical for the development of neural tube. Can arise in complication of tube closure and abnormalities of CNS
    Recommended to take folic acid for 3 months before and 3 months after
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11
Q

Common birth defect is Spina Bifida

A

Can get spina bifida when the neural tube does not close properly
Materna is a vitamin bottle you can get that is particular to pregnant women who need to take folic acid supplements

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12
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Literally means “Split spine”

3 types from mild to severe

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13
Q

Spina Bifida Occulta

A

Often called “hidden Spina Bifida” because about 15% of healthy people have it and do not know about it
Spina bifida Occulta usually does not cause harm, and has no visible signs. The spinal cord and nerves are usually fine
Discovery is through an X-ray of the back. Results in severe pain

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14
Q

Meningocele

A

A meningocele causes part of the spinal cord to come through the spine like a sac that is pushed out. Nerve fluid is in the sac, and there is usually no nerve damage. Individuals with this condition may have minor disabilities.

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15
Q

Mykomeningoceles

A

The most severe form of spina bifida
Happens when parts of the spinal cord and nerves come through the open part of the spins
Causes nerve damage and other disabilities - 70%-90% of children with this condition also have too much fluid in their brains - Hydrocephalus
Fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord is unable to drain like it should. The fluid builds up, causing pressure and swelling

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16
Q

Detection and Cure of Spina Bifida

A

Can be detected prior to birth (ultrasounds, amniocentesis)
Surgery after birth is available
Can have problems with walking, going to the bathroom, obesity, skin breakdown, gastrointestinal disorders, learning disabilities, depression, and sexual issues

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17
Q

Calories - Only extra 300 cal

A

An increase of 25-35 pounds
Follow CFG and continue being physically active, unless advised
WHAT CAN CAUSE MOM TO GAIN TOO LITTLE OR TOO MUCH WEIGHT
Too Little Weight: Not enough food, eating disorder (anorexia), fear of putting on weight, medication
Too Much Weight: Eating excess food due to cravings or cultural factors, etc.

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18
Q

Iron

A

Important to support the increased number of red blood cells
They help deliver O2 to the placenta
Low blood iron levels can result in low birth weight and premature babies
Consume iron pill or foods high in iron
You can get constipated if you take iron supplements

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19
Q

Protein

A

Foods to avoid - Alcohol, smoking, illegal drugs, Coffee (controversial)
Pica - The practice of craving substance with little or no nutritional value. Most pregnancy and pica related cravings involve non-food substances such as dirt or chalk
Pica is non-food substances (Cravings for foods with no nutritional value)

20
Q

Food Safety

A

Immune system is weak and is more vulnerable to infections
Baby’s system is not developed yet, therefore infection can cause cross the placenta
Food borne illness can cause miscarriage, still birth, and risk for other complications

21
Q

Possible complications

A

Gestational Diabetes
Preeclampsia - placenta can detach itself from the uterus
If it detaches itself, the placenta has to come out, which means the baby has to come out. PRemature birth

22
Q

*Harder for overweight people to get pregnant

A

because they have to put on even more weight for the baby and that can have a detrimental effect on the health of the baby and the mother

23
Q

What Characteristics do the foods share that make them a greater risk for foodborne illness

A 
Foods to refrain from: 
Hot dogs without heating
Raw lightly cooked eggs
Cake batter
Sushi 
Raw oyster
Pates
Deli meat 
Cookie dough 
Homemade eggnog
Pasteurised juices 
ANYTHING RAW
24
Q

Folic Acid

A

Studies demonstrated that the administration of a multivitamin supplement during the periconceptional period - the months before conception and during early pregnancy-reduced the recurrence of neural tube birth defects

Folate plays a big role in the synthesis of DNA and the metabolism of amino acids. The rapid cell growth of pregnancy increases needs for folate during pregnancy to 600 mcg per day.

Adequate folic acid in the periconceptional period decreases the risk of neural tube defects and has also been associated with decreased risk of cleft lip/palate, heart defects, and down syndrome

25
Q

Iodine

A

Low iodine during the first trimester of pregnancy - a critical period of brain development - may lead to congenital hypothyroidism.

If left untreated, consequences include intellectual disability, stunting of growth, impaired hearing and speech, and infertility
With use of iodized salt, however, congenital hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency is rare

26
Q

Antioxidant

A

Free radicals are constantly generated within the body as a result of normal metabolic processes

An abundance of free radicals results in damage of cells and their DNA, which can lead to gene mutations and tissue malformations

Antioxidants systems within the body act to minimize the damage caused by free radicals, and dietary sources of antioxidants may aid in the prevention of birth defects

27
Q

Vitamin A

A

Fetal abnormalities resulting from vitamin toxicity (too much vitamin A?) include facial and cardiac defects, in addition to other defects

Vitamin A excesses typically arise from high dose dietary supplements rather than food sources

So, don’t eat too much Vitamin A and you should be good

28
Q

Caffeine

A

Caffeine decreases the mother’s absorption of iron and may reduce blood flow through the placenta
In addition the fetus is unable to detoxify caffeine

As caffeine intake increases, so does the risk of miscarriage or delivering a LBW infant

Heavy caffeine use during pregnancy may also lead to caffeine withdrawal symptoms in the newborn

Moderate use of caffeine is not associated with risk for birth defects, but too much caffeine intake is.

29
Q

Aspartame

A

Phenylalanine, a component of the artificial sweetener aspartame is a cause for concern for some pregnant women

High amounts of phenylalanine in maternal blood disrupts fetal brain development is the mother has a disease known as phenylketonuria

If the mother does not have this condition, however, it is unlikely that the baby will be affected by moderate aspartame use

Prevent drinking soft drinks, which contain artificial sweeteners. Ensure proper quality of food is being consumed, as a high intake of diet soft drinks may crows out healthier beverages, such as water and low-fat milk

30
Q

Obesity and chronic health

A

Before pregnancy, women of childbearing age should have regular medical checkups to keep an eye on any health conditions that already exist or to identify any developing health problems

Condition itself increases risk for birth defects

Obesity, high BP, and uncontrolled diabetes are common health problems known to increase the risk for birth defects (ex. Neural tube defects)

A preconception visit with a health pro cna help to sort out and make plans to minimize such risks
Once pregnant, early and regular prenatal care can aid in the success of a pregnancy

31
Q

Alcohol

A

4 or more alcoholic drinks at one sitting harms the fetus

Women are advised not to drink any alcohol

Women with chronic alcoholism produce children with a variety of physical and intellectual problems:

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) - irreversible physical and mental abnormalities in the infant that result from the mother’s consumption of alcohol during pregnancy

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) - most severe form of FASD that involves abnormal facial features and problems with development of the nervous system and oval growth

Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders (ARNDs) - behaviour and learning problems

Alcohol Related birth defects (ARBDs)

32
Q

Environmental Contaminants

A

Fruits and vegs, peeling and removing outer leaves, and/or thoroughly rinsing and scrubbing with a brush under running water

Removing skin, discarding dripping and trimming visible fat will decrease exposure from meat, poultry and fish

Consuming a variety of foods minimizes risk of exposure to any one contaminant from the food supply

9 factors that reduce the risk of birth defects

33
Q
    • ensure sufficient protein, vitamin D, Vitamin B-6, iron, calcium, zinc, VB-12
A

More whole grains, beans, nuts, and seeds to supply the necessary extra amounts of some of these nutrients

34
Q
  1. Pros Breastfeeding mother:
A

Contributes to earlier recovery from pregnancy due to the action of hormones that promotes a quicker return of the uterus to its pre pregnancy state
Decreases risk of several chronic diseases later in life, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes
Decreases the risk of ovarian and premenopausal breast cancer
Potential for quicker return to prepregnancy weight
Potential for delayed ovulation, thus reducing chances of pregnancy in the short term

35
Q

Infant

A

Bacteriologically safe
Always fresh and ready to go
Provides antibodies and substances that contribute to maturation of the immune system
Contributes to maturation of gastrointestinal tract via bifidus factor

36
Q
  1. 3 micronutrients that may need to be supplemented in the diets of breastfed infants:
A

400 IU of Vit-D per day
To prevent anemia, iron supplements for exclusively breastfed infants starting at 4 months of age
Vit-B supps are recommended for the breastfed infant whose mother is a complete vegetarian / vegan

37
Q
  1. Potential Barriers to Breastfeeding (and how to overcome them):
A

Misinformation:
find invaluable support from lactation consultants or by talking to women who have experienced it successfully

Return to outside job:
breast pump or manually express milk into a sterile plastic bottle or nursing bag

Social concerns:
No problem, women have the right to breastfeed anywhere

Medical condition precluding breastfeeding:
Dont breastfeed

Cosmetic alteration to the breast:

Take off jewelry from breast
Tattoos will not impair breastfeeding

Environmental contaminants in human milk:
Benefits of human milk are well established

38
Q

nutrients that should be increased in consumption during pregnancy:

A

Vitamins: rich in antioxidants: Vit-E, Vit-C, selenium, sinc, beta carotene,
Minerals: Iron & Zinc
Dietary fats

39
Q

Teenage pregnancy:

A

Concerns: depression and other mental health

Use of illicit drugs and alcohol
Poverty and reliance on public assistance
Graduation rates from high school and college
Single parenthood

Age ideal: 20 - 35 year old

40
Q

Birth to 6 months

A

Breast milk or infant formula

41
Q

4 - 6 months

A

Introduce iron-fortified infant cereal like rice and barley or pureed meats
Rice cereal is easy to digest

42
Q

6 - 8 months

A

Pureed or mashed fruits and vegs
Give them vegetables first because it contains less sugar and is less tasty than fruit
Give foods one at a time to determine allergies and like/dislike

43
Q

7 - 10 months

A

Soft or cooked table foods

44
Q

8 - 12 months

A

Cut food into smaller, ¼ inch squares

45
Q

1 - 2 years

A

Finger foods

Nutrition and Health (7 decks)

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