Infants (Birth - 1 year)

Question 1

Caloric intake is

Answer 1

high compared to their size

Question 2

Milk is the

Answer 2

primary source of food for infants

Question 3

Carbohydrates for infants

Answer 3

0-6 months: 60 g/day of carbohydrate

7-12 months: 95 g/day of carbohydrates

Question 4

Breastfeeding is not always possible

Answer 4

not always easy to feed in public spaces
Return to go back to work
Express the milk and storing it is not always convenient

Question 5

Strictly milk

Answer 5

up to 6 months

Question 6

Begin solids at

Answer 6

6 months with milk up to 2 years

Question 7

Breastfed infants must be given vitamin D - no exposure to sunlight

Answer 7

In milk there is calcium. Vitamin D is needed to absorb the calcium
Extra: Vit C is needed to absorb iron
Formula milk is fortified, so vitamin D is added. Therefore, there is no need to add vitamin D to formula milk

Question 8

Weight usually

Answer 8

doubles by 6 months (average: 7 pounds at birth)

Question 9

What indicated nutritional status?

Answer 9

Growth rate in weight, length and head circumference

Question 10

Breast milk vs formula

Answer 10

Breast milk is easier to digest. Formula milk is thicker and heavier, and as a result, it keeps them full for a longer period of time

Question 11

Carbohydrate

Answer 11

Some fruit juices, apple, pear, white grape, and prune juice, contain sugars that can cause diarrhea in infants. They should not be given until after 6 months of age

During the second 6 months of life, infants should be gradually introduced to fiber-containing foods, such as whole-grain cereals, vegetables, and legumes

Question 12

Protein

Answer 12

Breast milk and infant formula are good sources of protein. No other source of protein is needed in the first 6 months of life

Question 13

Later (8 months) introduce sources of protein in addition to breast milk/infant formula include:

Answer 13

Meat
Poultry, fish
Egg yolks
Cheese
Yogurt
Legumes

Question 14

Fats/Lipids

Answer 14

Breast milk and infant formula provide about 50% of their calories from lipids
Lipids provide essential fatty acids that are required for normal brain development, healthy skin and hair, normal eye development, and resistance to infection and disease

Fat and cholesterol should not be limited in the diet of infant

The amount of fat in an infant’s diet should NOT be monitored - Do not cut back on fat intake for infants (unless it is bad/unhealthy fat) Ex. don’t give child skim milk

Question 15

Vitamin D

Answer 15

Breastfed infants should receive 200 IU supplemental vitamin D daily to prevent rickets

Breastfed infants who drink at least 500 mL of infant formula do not need supplemental vitamin D

Question 16

Iron

Answer 16

Full-term, breastfed infants need approximately 1 mg/kg/day of supplemental iron at 4 to 6 months of age, preferably from complementary foods (ex. Iron-fortified infant cereal and/or meats)

Infant formula meet the daily iron requirement

All formula-fed infants should receive only iron-fortified infant formula during the first year of life

Infants should not drink cow’s milk, goat’s milk, or soy-based beverages (before 1 year) because they contain a small amount of iron that is poorly absorbed by infants
These can also lead to allergies in some cases

Question 17

Breastmilk

Answer 17

Promotes mother-child bonding

Colostrum is rich in antibodies and white blood cells - less infections

Easy to digest
WHO recommends colostrum within the first hour of birth

Fore milk is mature that develops in a few days, changes to hind milk which allows weight gain

Question 18

Baby food: Homemade vs. Store bought

Answer 18

Homemade is more time consuming, need to be organised and have time
Store bought is not entirely natural, there may be added flavour and preservatives
Gets expensive, but is quick
Baby may get used to artificial foods

Question 19

Nutrition and Health concerns

Answer 19

Undernutrition
Sudden infant death syndrome

Don’t keep toys and things that could possibly smother them

Start Pg 600 (main ideas for infants)
Chapter 15-16

Question 20

CASE STUDY PAGE 615

Answer 20

Damon’s mother did not specify what type of formula she gives to her child or how she prepares it? What questions would you ask about his formula?

What potential danger await Daman if his growth continues to lag behind?

What foods should damon’s caregiver offer that are appropriate for his age and nutritional needs?

What problems might arise from consumption of sugary drinks from a bottle?

Does damon need any vitamin or mineral supplements?

Question 21

Vitamin K assists with blood clotting. Newborns have low levels of vitamin K because of the following reasons:

Answer 21

Limited amounts of this vitamin are transferred from the mother to the fetus during gestation
Breast milk is not particularly high in vitamin K
Newborn infants lack the intestinal bacteria that synthesize vitamin K
Infant vitamin K deficiency can lead to a rare but potentially fatal bleeding problem

Question 22

What Not to Feed an Infant

Answer 22

Excessive infant formula or human milk
Foods that tend to cause choking
Potential food allergens before 4 months of age
Cow’s milk, especially low-fat or fat-free cow’s milk 
Goat’s milk 
Excessive fruit juice 
Food safety hazards
Excessive nutrient supplements

Question 23

What to Feed an Infant

Answer 23

Variety of foods
Pay attention to infant’s appetite to avoid overfeeding or underfeeding
Infants need fat
Choose fruits, vegetables, and grains, but do not overdo high fiber foods
Use sugars in moderation
Skip heavily seasoned and processed foods
Choose foods containing iron, zinc, and calcium

Question 24

vs Formula

Answer 24

vs.

Promotes bonding with caregiver
Nutritious - has all nutrients the baby needs (iron)
expensive
Convenient (no issues in public)