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Endocrine > Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

How long does the ovarian cycle last for?

A

~28 days

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2
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular phase

Luteal phase

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3
Q

When does menstruation occur?

A

In the first 3-4 days of the ovarian cycle

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4
Q

How long does the follicular phase last for?

A

Around 16 days

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5
Q

How long does the luteal phase last for?

A

Around 12 days

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6
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

Around day 16

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7
Q

What happens in the follicular phase?

A

The egg maturates

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8
Q

What hormone does the egg secrete?

A

Oestogen (oestradiol)

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9
Q

What happens during the luteal phase?

A

The egg develops into the corpus luteum

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10
Q

What does the corpus luteum produce?

A

Progesterone

Oestrogen

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11
Q

What is the major hormone regulating the ovarian cycle?

A

Luteinising hormone

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12
Q

When is LH highest?

A

Between days 12 and 16.

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13
Q

What happens if fertilization does not occur?

A

The corpus luteum is lost during menstration

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14
Q

What happens if fertilization occurs?

A

Corpus luteum grows and continues to produce progesterone and oestrogen thus inhibiting further ovulation

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15
Q

What hormone is secreted when the corpus luteum implants?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

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16
Q

What hormone is used for pregnancy tests?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

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17
Q

What hormones does the placenta secrete?

A

Human placental lactogen (hPL)
Placental progesterone
Placental oestrogens

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18
Q

What are the six key reproductive hormones?

A 
GnRH
LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
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19
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

Stim LH and FSH release

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20
Q

How is GnRH released?

A

Pulsatile manner

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21
Q

How do the pulses of GnRH differ between males and females?

A

Males- constant

Females- Decrease from 1-2x hour in follicular phase to every 4h during luteal

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22
Q

What does high frequency pulses of GnRH do?

A

Stim LH release

23
Q

What does low frequency pulses of GnRH do?

A

Stim FSH release

24
Q

What happens to GnRH pulses during puberty?

A

Increase

25
Q

What regulates GnRH release?

A

Oestrogen

Progesterone

26
Q

What effect does oestrogen have of GnRH release?

A

Low dose- inhibits

High dose- stims

27
Q

What effect does progesterone have of GnRH release?

A

Inhibits it

28
Q

Can GnRH neurons sense progesterone and oestrogen?

A

No therefore need interneurons

29
Q

What does FSH do in males and females?

A

Males- Stim spermatogenesis

Females- Stim growth of ovarian follicles

30
Q

What does LH do in males and females?

A

Males- Secrete testosterone from testes

Females- Ovulation and progesterone production

31
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Maintain pregnancy- lit ‘Pro’ ‘Gestation’

32
Q

Describe how FSH changes during menstration

A

Slight rise during follicular phase to stim ovarian follicle growth.
Increasing oestrogen from follicles inhibits GnRH/FSH release.
Oestrogen continues to rise leading to spike of FSH.
FSH levels fall during luteal phase

33
Q

How do LH change during menstruation?

A

Remain low through most of follicular but spike when lots of oestrogen is released then drop again in luteal phase due to increased progesterone production

34
Q

When does the period start?

A

1st day of menstrual bleeding

35
Q

What is a follicle?

A

Oocyte (egg) surrounded by follicular cells

36
Q

What happens to the follicle during the follicular phase?

A

Follicular cells multiply

37
Q

What hormones are responsible for follicular growth?

A

LH and FSH

38
Q

What two kinds of cells are involved in follicular growth?

A

Theca cells

Granulosa cells

39
Q

What hormone acts on theca cells?

A

LH

40
Q

What do theca cells do?

A

Convert cholesterol to androgen

41
Q

What hormone acts on granulosa cells?

A

FSH

42
Q

What do granulosa cells do?

A

Convert androgen to oestrogen

43
Q

What enzyme helps convert androgen to oestrogen in the granulosa cell?

A

Aromatase

44
Q

What happens in polycystic ovary disease?

A

Get problem with FSH/ granulosa cell therefore can’t convert androgens

45
Q

How is an egg selected for secretion?

A

All follicles grow the whole time and if one is ready when FSH is high then it gets selected.

46
Q

What is the dominant follicle?

A

Several follicles will be ready at a time for selection but the one that is most resistant to low FSH levels will be selected as the dominant one

47
Q

Which hormone regulates the formation of the corpus luteum?

A

LH

48
Q

What happens to the granulosa and theca cells during the luteal phase?

A

Become luteal cells

49
Q

Why is the corpus luteum yellow?

A

Because it’s full of cholesterol to produce progesterone

50
Q

What effects do oestrogens have?

A

Increase thickness of vaginal wall
Regulate LH surge
Reduce vaginal pH by increasing lactic acid
Decrease viscosity of cervical mucus to allow sperm through

51
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Maintains thickness of endometrium
Produces thick mucus
Relaxes myometrium

52
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take?

A

70 days

53
Q

What hormones regulate spermatogenesis?

A

LH
FSH
Testosterone

Endocrine (23 decks)

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