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Endocrine > Obesity > Flashcards

Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

What three complications can obesity cause in the head?

A

Intracranial hypertension
Stroke
Cataracts

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2
Q

What two complications can obesity cause in the thorax?

A

Pulmonary disease

CHD

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3
Q

What four complications can obesity cause in the abdomen?

A

Pancreatitis
NAFLD
Gallbladder disease
Gynecological abnormalities

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4
Q

What two complications can obesity cause in the lower limb?

A

Osteoarthritis

Venous stasis

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5
Q

What five systemic complications can obesity cause?

A 
Gout
Infection
DIabetes
Dyslipidemia
Hypertension
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6
Q

What seven cancers can obesity increase your risk of?

A 
Breast
Uterus 
Kidney
Colon
Oesophageal
Pancreatic
Gallbladder
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7
Q

What are the two main measures of obesity?

A

BMI

Waist circumference

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8
Q

What are the cut offs for BMI categories in whites?

A 
UW <18.5
Healthy 18.5-24.9
Overweight 25-29.9
Obese 30-34.9
Morbidly obese >35
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9
Q

What are the cut offs for BMI in Asians, Indonesians etc?

A

UW <18.5
Healthy 18.5-23
Overweight 23-27.5
Obese >27.5

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10
Q

What are the waist circumference categories and their cut offs in white males?

A

Normal <90cm
Overweight 90-94cm
Obese >94cm

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11
Q

What are the waist circumference categories and their cut offs in females?

A

Normal <80cm
Overweight 80-88cm
Obese >88cm

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12
Q

What are the waist circumference categories and their cut offs in Asian males?

A

Normal <90cm

Overweight >90

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13
Q

What are some risk factors for developing obesity?

A 
Deprivation
Child of obese
Rapid weight gainers
Post obese
Smoking quitters
Pregnant
Physical inactivity 
Ethnic groups
Genetics
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14
Q

What are the three main drivers for obesity?

A

Increased availability to cheap energy dense food
Increased food marketing
Decreased physical activity

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15
Q

What are the best ways to prevent obesity?

A

Decreased energy intake
Decrease sedentary behaviours
Increased physical activity

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16
Q

What are the three policy targets for changing obesity?

A

Consumer environment
Systems
Behaviour change

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17
Q

Give examples of consumer environment policy targets

A

Make healthier food cheaper

Provide info on healthy foods and exercise

18
Q

Give examples of system policy targets

A

Make it easier to distribute healthy foods
Change marketing
Make physical activity easier to access

19
Q

Give examples of Behaviour change policy targets

A

Educate people on healthy options
Teach to cook
Teach sports

20
Q

What peptides of interest can adipocytes secrete?

A 
Leptin
Adiponectin
CRP
TNF alpha
IL-6
Oestrogen
Cortisol
21
Q

What happens when an adipocyte swells too much?

A

It becomes inflamed leading to insulin insensitivity.

22
Q

What are four ways we can treat obesity?

A

Diet control
Exercise
Drugs
Surgery

23
Q

Why is diet control favoured in the morbidly obese?

A

Due to lack of capacity to exercise.

24
Q

What is the only drug approved for obesity control in the UK?

25
Q

How does orlistat work?

A

Lipase inhibitor thus preventing lipid absorption from the diet.

26
Q

What is surgery for the treatment of obesity called?

A

Bariatric surgery

27
Q

What is bariatric surgery?

A

Surgery for the treatment of obesity.

28
Q

What are the three most common forms of bariatric surgery in the UK?

A

Gastric band
Gastric bypass
Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy

29
Q

What is a gastric band?

A

Band placed round the stomach to make it smaller therefore decrease portion size

30
Q

What is a Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy?

A

Remove fundus of stomach to form sleeve thus reducing stomach volume.

31
Q

What is a gastric bypass?

A

Connection of small part of stomach to Jejunum leading to decreased volume and malabsorption.

32
Q

What can make it hard to maintain weight loss?

A

RMR falls as weight is loss therefore need to do more work to keep it off.

33
Q

Why does RMR fall as weight is lost?

A

Adaptive thermogenesis

34
Q

What is adaptive thermogenesis?

A

When lots of weight is loss body sees this as a threat therefore acts to prevent further weight loss.

35
Q

What two hormones report fat levels to the brain?

A

Insulin

Leptin

36
Q

What does leptin do in the brain?

A

Stimulates decreased food intake and increases energy burning.

37
Q

What do leptin KO mouse models show?

38
Q

What happens to leptin levels in the obese state?

A

Increase but brain sensitivity decreases.

39
Q

Can injections of leptin help prevent obesity?

A

No due to resistance.

40
Q

What are some of the side effects of orlistat?

A

Cramping
Diarrhoea
Loss of fat soluble vitamins

41
Q

What receptor is being investigated with links to obesity?

A

Delta9-THC receptor

42
Q

Why is the Delta9-THC receptor being investigated with respect to diabetes?

A

Because KO show decreased appetite and are lean

Endocrine (23 decks)

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