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Endocrine > Diabetic Complications > Flashcards

Diabetic Complications Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five categories of diabetic complications?

A 
Macrovascular dysfunction
Microvascular dysfunction
Psychiatric
Dementia
Erectile Dysfunction
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2
Q

What macrovascular complications can be caused by diabetes?

A

Stroke

Heart Disease

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3
Q

What microvascular complications can be caused by diabetes?

A

Retinopathy
Neuropathy
Nephropathy

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4
Q

What are the 4 categories of neuropathy diabetics are at risk of?

A

Peripheral
Proximal
Autonomic
Focal

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5
Q

Where does peripheral neuropathy present?

A

Feet- mainly

Hands

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6
Q

How does peripheral neuropathy present?

A 
Foot ulcers
Painless trauma
Charcot's foot
Burning pain
Numbness
Pain from normal stimuli
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7
Q

How do you treat peripheral neuropathy?

A

Amitriptyline, gabapentin or pregabalin

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8
Q

Where does proximal neuropathy present?

A

Thighs, buttocks or hips

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9
Q

How does proximal neuropathy present?

A

Weakness of legs (amyotrophy)

Usually in the elderly

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10
Q

What is Charcot’s foot?

A

Get roller looking sole due to loss of sense of joint position

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11
Q

What can autonomic neuropathy cause?

A

Change in bowel and bladder function
Changed HR and BP
Gastric stasis and difficulty swallowing
Sweat issues

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12
Q

What is focal neuropathy?

A

Sudden weakness of one nerve group leading to muscle weakness or pain- foot drop etc

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13
Q

What can drastically help improve microvascular issues?

A

Small drops in HbA1c levels

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14
Q

What causes diabetic nephropathy?

A

Damage to the capillaries surrounding the glomeruli

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15
Q

What complications can nephropathy cause?

A

Hypertension

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16
Q

What are the risk factors for nephropathy?

A 
Hypertension
High cholesterol
Smoking
Poor glycemic control
Albuminuria
17
Q

What is the downward spiral associated with nephropathy?

A

Protein leak causes damage which causes more protein leak

18
Q

How do you treat nephropathy?

A

Reduce BP to <130/80
ACEI for microalbuminuria
Good glycemic control

19
Q

How do you test renal function in diabetics?

A

Albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) yearly

20
Q

What are the for Retinopathies associated with diabetes?

A

Diabetic retinopathy
Cataracts
Glaucoma
Acute hyperglycemia

21
Q

What is acute hyperglycemia?

A

Reversible blurring of vision

22
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Increased fluid pressure leading to optic nerve damage

23
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Clouding of the lenses

24
Q

What is diabetic retinopathy?

A

Damage to the blood vessels in the eyes

25
Q

What are the four types of damage seen in diabetic retinopathies?

A

Haemorrhage
Cotton wool spots- ischemic area
Hard exudates- Lipid breakdown products
Blood vessel abnormalities- Patent but precursor damage

26
Q

What is glomerulosclerosis?

A

Sclerosing of glomeruli. Seen on histopatho as infiltrate round glomeruli

Endocrine (23 decks)

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