Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Reproduction > Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Which twin pregnancy is higher risk - dichronic or monochromic?

A

Monochronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

At what stage is an amniocentesis carried out?

A

15 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

At what stage is chorionic villus sampling carried out?

A

12 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are the cells in CVS taken from?

A

Placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

If day one is fertilisation when does implantation into the uterus occur?

A

Day 5-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

At which point is the blastocyst completely buried in the uterine lining?

A

Day 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

By what stage of pregnancy is the placenta and foetal heart function?

A

By the 5th week of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) do?

A

Signals the corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone which stimulates decidual cells to concentrate glycogen, proteins and lipids
Also stimulates the development of the testes in a male foetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the intervillous space?

A

The space where the maternal blood passes through the placenta to exchange nutrients and waster material with the foetal blood. Keep separate from the foetal blood via a thin membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What three factors help to supply the foetus with sufficient oxygen?

A

Foetal Hb has an increased ability to carry oxygen
Higher concentration Hb in foetal blood than in adults
Bohr Effect - foetal Hb can carry more oxygen in low pCO2 than in high pCO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is water exchanged at the placenta?

A

Water is exchanged via osmosis, the amount increases as the pregnancy progresses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are electrolytes exchanged at the placenta?

A

They follow water to the baby - iron and Ca2+ can only pass from mother to child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is glucose transferred to the foetus?

A

It passes the placenta via simplified transport - high glucose need in 3rd trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are fatty acids transferred across the placenta?

A

Via free diffusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are waste products transferred to the mother?

A

Carried across the placenta via diffusion based on concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (HCS) hormone do?

A

Similar to a growth hormone - encourages protein tissue formation.
Decreases insulin sensitivity in the mother so that more glucose is available for foetus
Involved in breast development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

At what stage in pregnancy is HCS hormone produced?

A

Around week 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What effect does progesterone have during pregnancy?

A

Development of decidual cells
Decreases uterus contractility
Preparation for lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What effect do the oestrogens have during pregnancy?

A

Enlargement of the uterus
Breast Development
Relaxation of ligaments
Estriol level is an indicator of the vitality of the foetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens to the mother’s cardiac output during pregnancy?

A

It increases to 30-50% above the normal - peaking around week 24
It then decreases in the last 8 weeks - uterus starts to compress IVC.
Increases 30% more during labour.
Increases more if pregnant with twins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to the mother’s heart rate during pregnancy?

A

Increases up to 90 bpm to increase the CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens to the mother’s blood pressure during pregnancy?

A

It drops during the second trimester - peripheral resistance decreases.
Will drop more if pregnant with twins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens to the mother’s plasma volume during pregnancy?

A

Increases proportionally with CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens to the rate of erythropoiesis during pregnancy in the mother?

A

Increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happens to the Hb in the mother?

A

It decreases due to dilution -> decreases the blood viscosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens to the mother’s iron requirements during pregnancy?

A

Demand increases - supplements needed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the effect of progesterone on the mother’s respiratory function?

A

It lowers the CO2 levels (increases CO2 sensitivity in respiratory centres)

  • increases RR
  • increases tidal and minute volume
  • pO2 decreases slightly
  • vital capacity and PO2 don’t change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What effect does pregnancy have on the mother’s O2 consumption?

A

Increases to meet the metabolic demand of mother, placenta and foetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What happens to the glomerulate fitration rate in the mother during pregnancy?

A

Increases 30-50%, peaks at 16-24 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens to the mother’s renal plasma flow during pregnancy?

A

Increases 30-50%, peaks at 16-24 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What postural changes affect the renal function during pregnancy?

A

Upright position -> decrease
Supine position -> increase
Lateral position during sleep -> big increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens in pre-eclampsia to the renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate?

A

It decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What happens to the kidney function during pre-eclampsia and what does it result in?

A

It declines leading to salt and water retention - leading to oedema (especially in the hands and face)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the risk factors for pre-eclampsia?

A

HISTORY OF PRE-ECLAMPSIA, FH, pre-existing HT, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, obesity, multiple gestations, renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What happens in eclampsia?

A

Vascular spasms, extreme HT, chronic seizures and coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How is eclampsia treated?

A

With vasodilator and caesarean section.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How many extra calories should be ingested each day during pregnancy?

A

250-300 kcal/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What happens during the mother’s anabolic phase of pregnancy?

A

Insulin sensitivity increases
lower plasmatic glucose level
lipogenesis, glycogen stores increase
growth of breasts, uterus, weight gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What happens during the mother’s catabolic phase of pregnancy?

A

Accelerated starvation
Maternal insulin resistance
increased transport of nutrients through placental membrane
Lipolysis

40
Q

Which hormones cause insulin resistance in the mother during the catabolic phase?

A

HCG, cortisol and growth hormone

41
Q

What does giving folic acid (folate) reduce the risk of?

A

Neural tube defects

42
Q

Which hormone increases the contraction and excitability of the uterus and where is it produced?

A

Oxytocin - maternal posterior pituitary gland

43
Q

What does the stretch of the cervix stimulate?

A

Uterine contractions and can cause further oxytocin release

44
Q

Which hormone stimulates the growth of the ductile system?

A

Oestrogen

45
Q

Which hormone stimulates the development of the lobule-alveolar system?

A

Progesterone

46
Q

Which hormones inhibit milk production?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone - drop in their levels following birth

47
Q

Which hormone stimulates milk production?

A

Prolactin

48
Q

At what stage of pregnancy will a multiple pregnancy be detected?

A

During US scan at 12 weeks

49
Q

How is a multiple pregnancy managed?

A
  • More frequent antenatal visits
  • detailed 18 week scan
  • regular scans from 28 wks for growth
  • routine iron supplementation
  • warning mother about higher risks
50
Q

What is the maximum amount of weight a woman should put on during pregnancy?

A

10kg

51
Q

What is the first line hypoglycaemic drug in gestational diabetes?

A

Metformin - prevents weight gain

52
Q

At what foetal weight will pregnant women with gestational diabetes be offered a caesarean section due to shoulder dystocia risk?

A

Greater than 4.5kg

53
Q

What is the definition of a pre-term birth?

A

Delivery between 24 and 36+6 weeks

54
Q

What are the survival rates for a baby born at 24 weeks? And are there any long term impacts?

A

20-30%

Likely to have cognitive difficulties

55
Q

What are the aetiological factors involved in pre-term birth?

A
  • Infection
  • Over distension: multiple, polyhydramnios
  • Placental abruption
  • Intercurrent illness : UTI, appendicitis, pneumonia
  • Cervical incompetence
  • Idiopathic
  • Teenagers
  • Smoking
  • Uterine anomalies
56
Q

How do you class a small for gestational age (SGA) baby?

A

An infant with a birthweight that is less than the 10th centile for gestation corrected for maternal height, weight, foetal sex and birth order.

57
Q

What effect does smoking have during pregnancy?

A

Affects the vasculature of the placenta and can result in poor growth of the foetus -> intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

58
Q

What are the two types of intrauterine growth restriction?

A 
Asymmetrical = normal head and small abdomen
Symmetrical = small head and small abdomen
59
Q

What is the Hadlock equation?

A

Used to calculate the foetal weight using the head circumference, the abdominal circumference and the femur length.

60
Q

What does cardiotocography measure?

A

CTG measures the foetal heartbeat and the uterine contractions during pregnancy

61
Q

What is meant by accelerations on a CTG?

A

An increase in foetal heart rate at the start of a uterine contraction and returning to the baseline rate before or sometimes after the contraction - this indicates good reflex reactivity of the foetal circulation.

62
Q

What does the loss of baseline variability mean in a CTG?

A

This is when the baseline foetal heart rate has a variability of less than 5 bpm - can be caused by sedative or analgesic drugs used in labour. Babies can sleep for about 45 mins but after that begin to get concerned about asphyxia.

63
Q

What are late decelerations associated with on an CTG?

A

When the deceleration’s lowest point is past the peak of the uterine contraction - usually associated with asphyxia. The longer the lag time, the more serious the foetal asphyxia. Want to deliver the baby right away.

64
Q

When there is restriction in the blood flow to the foetus resulting in weight restriction what will a middle cerebral artery Doppler show?

A

Increased blood flow to the brain - brain is prioritised, When the blood flow to the brain decreases that you want to become concerned.

65
Q

Which Doppler scan is the last to become abnormal in foetal complications?

A

The ductus venosus Doppler.

66
Q

When does pregnancy induced hypertension typically occur?

A

Within the second half of pregnancy. And should resolve around 6 weeks after delivery

67
Q

What are the characteristic symptoms of pre-eclampsia?

A

Hypertension
Proteinuria
Oedema

68
Q

What is the pathogenesis involved in pre-eclampsia?

A

In the first stage there is abnormal placental perfusion.

Second stage involves the maternal syndrome - thrombophilia, hyperpermeability etc.

69
Q

Which antihypertensives can be given during pregnancy?

A

IV Labetolol

IV Hydralazine

70
Q

What is given to treat seizures in eclampsia?

A

IV Magnesium Sulphate

If persistent can consider diazepam

71
Q

Which drug can be given as prophylaxis for those at high risk of developing pre-eclampsia?

A

Low dose aspirin

72
Q

Which psychiatric illness is the baby predisposed to if the mother has a viral illness in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy?

A

Schizophrenia - small but measurable increase.

More common in spring-born babies as more likely to catch illness over winter months.

73
Q

When should folic acid be taken during pregnancy?

A

400mcg daily for 3 months prior and first 3 months of pregnancy

74
Q

List some teratogenic drugs

A 
ACEI
Androgens
Antiepileptics
Cytotoxics
Lithium
Methotrexate
Retinoids
Warfarin
75
Q

Which diabetic drugs are not safe to take during pregnancy?

A

Sulfonylureas

76
Q

Which drug should be given to treat hypertension during pregnancy?

A

Labetalol

Methyldopa

77
Q

Which drug should be used to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy?

A

Cyclizine safest

78
Q

Which drug can be used to treat a UTI during pregnancy?

A

Amoxicillin or cefalexin

79
Q

Which drug should be given to women with significant risk factors for DVT?

A

Low molecular weight heparin

80
Q

What are the signs of foetal alcohol syndrome?

A 
Short palpebral fissures
Flat midface
Short nose
Indistinct philtrum
Thin upper lip
81
Q

Which drug is partially associated with cleft lip and palate?

A

Phenytoin - antiepileptic

82
Q

What foetal effects can taking valproate during pregnancy have?

A

Neural tube defects - spina bifida and anencephaly

83
Q

How can cocaine affect pregnancy?

A

Causes vasoconstriction within the placenta causing it to separate -> Placental abruption

84
Q

What are the clinical features of placental abruption

A

Sudden tender abdomen
Vaginal bleeding
Tense uterus
Uterus feels large for dates

85
Q

What is placenta praevia?

A

Abnormally sited placenta

86
Q

What are the clinical features of placental praevia?

A 
Painless
High presenting part - head not engaged
3rd trimester bleeding - variable amount
Soft uterus
Malpresentation
87
Q

How is placental praevia diagnosed?

A

During the 20 week scan and 32/34week scan

88
Q

What is placenta accrete?

A

Blood vessels and tissues from the placenta invade the myometrium of the uterine wall

89
Q

What is placenta percreta?

A

When the placenta tissue invades deep enough to reach the serosa

90
Q

How is a uterine rupture managed?

A

Caesarean section

91
Q

What is the first observation to change in a pregnant woman with blood loss?

A

Pulse - rises before there is any affect on blood pressure

Good sign of significant hypovolaemia = pulse rate rises above her systolic blood pressure

92
Q

Which hormone causes morning sickness in the first trimester of pregnancy?

A

beta-HCG

93
Q

When are foetal movements usually first felt in pregnancy?

A

20 weeks in a primigravida mother

16-18 weeks in subsequent pregnancies

94
Q

When during pregnancy can amniocentesis be carried out?

A

15-20 weeks

95
Q

When during pregnancy can chorionic villus sampling be carried out?

A

11-14 weeks

96
Q

When during pregnancy can foetal blood sampling be carried out?

A

18+ weeks

Reproduction (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions