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Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal thickness of the endometrium in postmenopausal women on TVUS and what is the threshold for further testing?

A

Should be 1mm thick
Once >4mm should do biopsy
(>16mm in premenopausal)

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2
Q

How is endometritis diagnosed histologically?

A

Abnormal pattern of inflammatory cells in in the endometrium

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3
Q

What protections does the uterus have in place to prevent endometritis?

A

Cervical mucous plug protects from any ascending infection

Cyclical shedding of the endometrium

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4
Q

What is a molar pregnancy?

A

An abnormal form of pregnancy in which a non-viable fertilised egg implants in the uterus.

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5
Q

What is adenomyosis?

A

Endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium of the uterus.
Often causes menorrhagia/dysmenorrhoea

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6
Q

What is a leiomyoma?

A

Benign tumour of the smooth muscle (can be found outside the uterus). Growth is oestrogen dependent. Can progress to leiomyosarcoma.

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7
Q

What are nabothian follicles?

A

Mucus filled cysts found on the surface of the cervix that are often the result of squamous metaplasia in the endocervix.

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8
Q

What would be seen histologically on in follicular cervicitis?

A

Reactive lymphoid follicles present in the cervix

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9
Q

What is Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)?

A

Abnormal proliferation within the epithelium of the cervix - has not reached the basement membrane yet. No malignant but can progress to it.

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10
Q

Which cancers can be found in the cervix?

A

Adenocarcinoma

Squamous carcinoma

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11
Q

Which forms of HPV have a high risk of developing cervical neoplasm?

A

Types 16 and 18

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12
Q

How long does it take for high grade CIN to turn into invasive cancer?

A

Between 5 - 20 years

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13
Q

How long does it take for HPV infection to turn into high grade CIN?

A

Between 6 months and 3 years

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14
Q

What is dyskarosis?

A

Abnormal cytologic changes of squamous epithelial cells characterized by hyperchromatic nuclei

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15
Q

Where does CIN develop?

A

In the transformation zone

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16
Q

How is CIN graded?

A

CIN 1: Abnormality in lower third of epithelium, cells dividing and proliferating above the base
CIN 2: Abnormality extends into the middle third of the basement membrane
CIN 3: Abnormality extends into the upper third of the epithelium, may even see mitotic figures on surface

17
Q

What histological changes occur in the cells in CIN?

A

Delay in maturation/differentiation
Nuclear abnormalities: hyperchromasia, increased nucleocytoplasmic ratio
Excess mitotic activity

18
Q

What are the stages of Invasive Squamous Carcinoma?

A

Stage 1: confined to the cervix
Stage 2: Spread to adjacent organs - vagina, uterus
Stage 3: involvement of the pelvic wall
Stage 4: distant metastases/involvement of rectum or bladder

19
Q

What are the symptoms of invasive carcinoma?

A 
Usually none at early stages
Abnormal bleeding 
Pelvic pain
Haematuria/UTI
Ureteric obstruction/renal failure
20
Q

What are the 3 modes of spread in squamous carcinoma?

A

Local
Lymphatic
Blood

21
Q

Where does cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (CGIN) originate from and what can it develop into?

A

Endocervical epithelium and is a preinvasive phase of endocervical adenocarcinoma. Affects the glandular tissue

22
Q

Which has a worse prognosis - endocervical adenocarcinoma or invasive squamous carcinoma?

A

Endocervical adenocarcinoma

23
Q

Apart from cervix pathology what other disease can HPV cause?

A

Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN)
Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VaIN)
Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (AIN)

24
Q

What is the name given to breast development in the male?

A

Gynaecomastia

25
Q

What is a harmatoma?

A

Benign circumscribed lesion made up of cells normal to breast tissue but in abnormal proportion/distribution

26
Q

What is normally seen in fibrocystic breast change?

A

Usually multiple cysts present in the breast tissue, can interfere with menstrual cycle. Exclude malignancy, reassure, excise of necessary

27
Q

Which benign breast condition is “breast mouse” seen in?

A

Fibroadenoma

28
Q

What would a histological sample from the breast showing radiating fibrosis containing distorted ductules be an indication of?

A

A radial scar

29
Q

How does sclerosing adenosis present?

A

Pain , tenderness or lumpiness/thickening

May be asymptomatic

30
Q

What are the causes of fat necrosis in the breast?

A

Local trauma
Warfarin therapy
-> damage and destruction of adipocytes, infiltration by acute inflammatory cells leading to fibrosis and scarring

31
Q

How is fat necrosis managed?

A

Exclude malignancy

Don’t excise - only going to make fibrosis and scarring worse

32
Q

Which inflammatory benign breast lesion is associated with smoking?

A

Duct ectasia

Reproduction (12 decks)

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