prefinal Flashcards
These are events or circumstances involving drug therapy that actually or potentially interfere with desired health outcomes.
Medication-related problems (MRPs)
The patient has a medical condition that requires medication but is not receiving appropriate treatment.
Untreated Indications
The prescribed medication is not the most appropriate choice for the patient’s condition.
Improper Drug Selection
The prescribed dosage is too low to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.
Subtherapeutic Dosage
The prescribed dosage is too high, increasing the risk of adverse effects.
Overdosage
The patient does not receive the prescribed medication.
Failure to receive medication
An unintended, undesirable, and often harmful effect of a medication.
Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)
The interaction between two or more drugs that can alter the efficacy or safety of one or both drugs.
Drug Interaction
A patient is taking a medication for which there is no medical need.
Drug Use Without Indication
Immature organ systems, dosing challenges
Age (Pediatrics)
Polypharmacy, altered pharmacokinetics, cognitive impairment
Age (Geriatrics)
Hormonal differences affecting drug metabolism and response
Gender
Genetic polymorphisms influencing drug metabolism and response
Genetics
Multiple chronic conditions increasing the risk of drug interactions and adverse
effects
Comorbidities
Lack of understanding, forgetfulness, or intentional non-adherence
Non-Adherence
Incorrect dosage, frequency, or duration of therapy
Prescribing Error
Failure to consider drug interactions or contraindications
Prescribing Error
Poor communication between healthcare providers
Communication error
Inadequate Patient Education
Communication error
Insufficient understanding of drug therapy guidelines and evidence-based
practices
Lack of Knowledge
It refers to the use of multiple medications by a patient, typically defined as the regular use of five or more medications.
Polypharmacy
Increased risk of drug interactions and adverse effects
Polypharmacy
Difficult to remember and manage
Complex Drug Regimen
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions
Drug Interactions
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions
Drug Interactions
Unintended side effects of medications
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)
Lack of communication between healthcare providers
Poorly Coordinated Care
Difficulty accessing healthcare services, especially in rural or underserved areas
Limited Access to Care
High cost of medications, leading to non-adherence
Economic Factors
Disruptions in medication supply and potential for therapeutic failures
Medication Shortages
It is any undesirable or harmful effect that occurs after the administration of a medication at normal doses used for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy.
Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)
Key Characteristics of ADRs:
- Unintended and Harmful Effects
- Dose-Related or Non-Dose-Related
- Time-Dependent
ADRs can occur immediately after taking the drug or after prolonged use, and can range from immediate reactions (e.g., allergic reactions) to delayed reactions (e.g., drug-induced liver toxicity).
Time-Dependent
They may occur with the usual dose or as a result of an overdose, but can also occur at therapeutic levels, depending on individual sensitivity.
Dose-Related or Non-Dose-Related
ADRs are not part of the intended therapeutic action of the drug
Unintended and Harmful Effects
These are dose-dependent reactions that are related to the pharmacological action of the drug.
Type A: Augmented
This reactions are more predictable and are often associated with well-known side effects of the drug.
Type A: Augmented
These are idiosyncratic, unpredictable, and not dose-dependent. They often result from the individual’s unique genetic or immune system factors, such as allergies or sensitivities.
Type B: Bizzare
Related to long-term drug use or chronic exposure (e.g., corticosteroid-induced
osteoporosis & Chronic renal failure from long term use of NSAID).
Type C: Chronic
Delayed adverse drug effects, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity (ex. Teratogenic effect of chemotherapeutic agent
Type D: Delayed
Occurs after the drug is discontinued (e.g., withdrawal symptoms from benzodiazepines).
Type E: End-Of-Treatment
Occurs when the drug fails to provide the expected therapeutic effect (e.g., drug resistance, such as with antibiotics).
Type F: Failure
Factors Affecting ADRs
- Patient-related factors (age, genetics, comorbidities)
- Drug-related factors (dosage, route of administration, formulation)
- Environmental factors (temperature, humidity)
The science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding,
and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problem.
Pharmacovigilance
intended pharmacological actions that are unwanted
side effects
harmful effects that occur at higher than therapeutic doses or due to an individual’s vulnerability
toxicity
