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DISPENSING LEC > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

1+1=0

A

antagonism

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2
Q

When a drug inhibits or counters or offsets the effect of another drug.

A

antagonism

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3
Q

When 2 drugs combine in solution so that the effect of the active drug is lost

A

Chemical antagonism – Neutralization

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4
Q

Type of chemical antagonism where the result is a reduction of the concentration of the active drug at its site of action

A

Pharmacokinetic antagonism

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5
Q

Object drug (agonist) competes with the precipitant drug (antagonist) for the same receptor.

A

Pharmacologic: Competitive antagonism

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6
Q

antagonist activity is reduced or cancelled when the agonist concentration is increased.

A

Reversible competitive antagonism

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7
Q

the action of the antagonist is reversed by increasing the agonist concentration.

The antagonist dissociates very slowly from the receptor.

A

Irreversible antagonism

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8
Q

The precipitant drug (antagonist) blocks the action of the object drug (agonist) at some point in the chain of events leading to the production of a response to the agonist.

A

Pharmacologic: Non-competitive antagonism

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9
Q

When the action of the precipitant drug offsets the action of the object drug.

A

Physiological antagonism

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10
Q

Nifedipine and verapamil prevent the influx of Ca++ ions through the cell membrane blocking the contraction of smooth muscle produced by other drugs

A

Pharmacologic: Non-competitive antagonism

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11
Q

Phenobarbital induces metabolism of warfarin resulting in the reduction of plasma concentration of warfarin and reduced anticoagulant.

A

Pharmacokinetic antagonism

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12
Q

Dimercaprol chelating with heavy metals and thus reduce their toxicity

A

Chemical antagonism – Neutralization

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13
Q

Caffeine offsetting effect of depressants

A

Physiological antagonism

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14
Q

Histamine stimulates GI acid secretion while omeprazole inhibits proton pump resulting in reduced acid secretion

A

Physiological antagonism

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15
Q

Thiazide diuretics elevate blood glucose offsetting the effect of oral hypoglycemic drugs

A

Physiological antagonism

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16
Q

Depressants counteracting effect of stimulants.

A

Physiological antagonism

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17
Q

Caffeine Object Drugs

A

CNS Depressant
Aspirin
Theophylline
Ciprofloxacin
Cimetidine
Oral contraceptives
Prednisone

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18
Q

Milk, Dairy products, Multivitaminsc Antacids, Food containing Ca, Mg, Al Object Drugs

A

Tetracycline
Bisacodyl

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19
Q

Leafy green veggies – rich in vitamin K and Cranberry juice Object Drug

A

Warfarin

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20
Q

Theobromine object drug

A

CNS Depressants

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21
Q

Grapefruit juice object drugs

A

Many drugs

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22
Q

Tyramine-rich food • Cheese, Red wine object drug

A

MAO Inhibitors

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23
Q

Histamine – rich food object drugs

A

Isoniazid, MAOI

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24
Q

Protein – rich food object drugs

A

Propanolol

Carbidopa/levodopa and theophylline

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25
Q

High fat meal object drug

A

Griseofulvin

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26
Q

Fiber Object drugs

A

Metformin
Digoxin
Levothyroxine
Penicillin

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27
Q

Fruit juice rich in vit. C object drug

A

Amphetamine

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28
Q

Alcohol object drug

A

Warfarin

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29
Q

Herbal drugs with anticoagulant object drug

A

Feverfew
Garlic
Ginkgo Biloba

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30
Q

Herbal drug with Phenelzine and Digoxin object drugs

A

Ginseng

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31
Q

Herbal drug with sedatives as object drug

A

Valerian (anti anxiety)

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32
Q

Herbal drug with heparin as object drug

A

Chondroitin

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33
Q

Herbal drug with hypolipidemics as object drug

A

Coenzyme Q10

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34
Q

Herbal drug with fluoxetine as object drug

A

Glucosamine

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35
Q

Melatonin object drugs

A

Vit. B12
MAOI, SSRI
Beta blockers

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36
Q

Decrease secretion

A

melatonin - beta blockers

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37
Q

Increase plasma concentration

A

melatonin - maoi, ssri

glucosamine - fluoxetine

38
Q

Increase melatonin secretion

A

melatonin - vit b12

39
Q

Lowers its plasma concentration

A

coenzyme q10 - hypolipidemics

40
Q

Potentiation

A

valerian (anti anxiety) - sedatives

41
Q

decrease plasma levels

A

st john’s wort (anti anxiety) - Antiretroviral, cyclosporine digoxin, theophylline and oral contraceptives

42
Q

Decrease INR (international normalized ration) of warfarin

A

st john’s wort - warfarin

43
Q

Cause serotonin syndrome

A

st john’s wort - Paroxetin, Sertraline, Nafazodone

44
Q

Reduced efficacy due to reduce dopamine level

A

Kava - Levodopa

45
Q

Hallucination, psychosis

A

ginseng - phenelzine

46
Q

Opposing effect – decreased efficacy

A

Leafy green veggies rich in vitamin K -
Warfarin

47
Q

Potentiates anticoagulant property

A

Cranberry juice - warfarin

48
Q

Enzyme inhibition. Blood levels of the drug increase

A

grapefruit juice - many drugs

49
Q

ability of any substance to cause congenital malformations or birth defects

A

teratogenicity

50
Q

causes neural tube defects

A

Carbamazepine & Valproic acid

51
Q

increased risk of developing vaginal adenocarcinoma syndrome

A

Diethylstilbestrol

52
Q

causes Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome

53
Q

causes 8th nerve damage

A

Streptomycin

54
Q

causes discoloration & defects of teeth & altered bone growth

A

Tetracyclines

55
Q

causes Phocomelia

A

Thalidomide

56
Q

POWERFUL TERATOGEN

A

ISOTRETINOIN

57
Q

unusual reactions that result from termination or sudden discontinuation of the drug (withdrawal syndromes)

• uncommon

A

Type E Reaction (End of Use)

58
Q

• withdrawal symptoms
• generally occur shortly after stopping the drug

A

Type E Reaction (End of Use)

59
Q

rebound insomnia & excitation

A

Benzodiazepine withdrawal

60
Q

rebound hypertension

A

Clonidine withdrawal

61
Q

rebound decongestant

A

Nasal decongestant withdrawal

62
Q

adrenal crisis (Addison’s disease)

A

Steroids withdrawal

63
Q

▪ unexpected failure of efficacy
▪ common
▪ dose-related

A

TYPE F REACTIONS (Failure of Efficacy)

64
Q

Type F reactions may result from:

A

􏰀 drug-drug interactions
􏰀 use of counterfeit drugs
􏰀 drug instability
􏰀 patient’s non-compliance
􏰀 wrong route of administration
􏰀 drug resistance

65
Q

Drug Classes that cause the greatest incidence of ADRs

A

• Antibiotics
• Narcotic analgesics
• Anticonvulsant
• Sedatives
• Anticoagulants
• Psychotherapeutic drugs
• Cardiovascular drugs

66
Q

Risk Factors for ADR’s

A

• Age
• Associated diseases
• Classification of medication being administered
• Number of concurrent medications being taken

67
Q

an injury resulting from medical intervention related to a drug and includes ADRs, but also includes preventable reactions, including those caused by human error

A

adverse drug event

68
Q

a response to a drug that is noxious and unintended, and that occurs at doses normally used in humans for the prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy of disease or for the modification of physiological function

A

adverse drug reactions

69
Q

• reactions which occur or arise from the known pharmacological action of a drug in the usual therapeutic doses.
• common
• predictable
• dose-related

A

TYPE A REACTIONS (Augmented)

70
Q

related to pharmacological activity of the drug.

A

Extension Effects

71
Q

unrelated to pharmacological activity of the drug

A

Side Effects –

72
Q

• totally abnormal effects and unrelated to the known therapeutic or pharmacologic actions of a drug.
• Uncommon
• unpredictable
• not dose-dependent
• have no relation to the pharmacological action of the drug.

A

TYPE B REACTIONS (Bizarre)

73
Q

genetically-determined reactions

A

Idiosyncrasy

74
Q

Immune responses to environmental antigens resulting in symptomatic reactions upon secondary exposure to the same antigen, more commonly referred to as allergen.

A

Hypersensitivity Reactions

75
Q

• most common category of allergic reaction
• occurs after antigen (e.g. pollen) binds onto IgE found on the surfaces of mast cells

A

Type I (Immediate or Anaphylactic Immune Response)

76
Q

re-exposure to the same allergen cross linking of the cell-bound IgE degranulation (release of histamines, leukotrienes & prostaglandin

A

Type I (Immediate or Anaphylactic Immune Response)

77
Q

initiated by antibody (IgG or IgM) directed against antigens found on the cell membrane of a given target cell (e.g. leukocytes, erythrocytes) complement mediated lysis

A

Type II (Cytotoxic Reactions)

78
Q

tissue deposition of antigen-antibody complexes with complement activation and tissue damage

A

Type III (Immune Complex Hypersensitivity)

79
Q

▪ T-lymphocytes sensitized by an antigen release lymphokines after subsequent contact with the same antigen
▪ lymphokines induce inflammation and activate macrophages

A

Type IV (Cell-Mediated or Delayed Type)

80
Q

• uncommon
• long-term effects, dose- &
time-related & duration of treatment
• associated with the cumulative dose of the drug

A

TYPE C REACTIONS (Continuous)

81
Q

Condition where a person takes a drug compulsively, despite potential harm to themselves, or their desire to stop.

82
Q

compulsion to take the drug repeatedly & experiences unpleasant symptoms if discontinued.

A

Dependence

83
Q

occurs when a drug has been used habitually & the mind has become emotionally reliant on its effects, either to elicit pleasure or relieve pain and does not feel capable of functioning without it.

A

Psychological dependence

84
Q

reduced effect with repeated use of drug; need for higher doses to produce the same effect.

85
Q

􏰀 reactions are manifested long after drug exposure

A

TYPE D REACTIONS (Delayed)

86
Q

__ of adults are allergic to one or more medications

87
Q

__ of ADR’s result from a drug allergy

88
Q

__ of hospital admission are due to ADR’s

89
Q

__ of ADR’s are preventable

90
Q

Drug associated with ADR’s: %

A

29% Analgesics
10% Sedative
9% Antibiotics
7% Antipsychotic.

DISPENSING LEC (10 decks)

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