Predation pt. 3

Question 1

What does the Lotka-Volterra model assume?

Answer 1

a constant capture efficiency

Question 2

What are the three deviations from lotka-volterra in nature?

Answer 2

1. Type 1
2. Type 2
3. Type 3

Question 3

What is type 1 deviation?

Answer 3

-assumption of lotka volterra
-linearly increases with prey density
-least realistic

Question 4

What is type 2 functional response?

Answer 4

-predator’s rate of prey consumption slows as prey population density increases, eventually reaching a plateau
-consumption rate decreases at high densities due to time cost associated with handling prey items and/or satiation

ex:
1 fish in bay 1 fish/min
13 fish in bay 10 fish/min
20 fish in bay 12 fish/min

Question 5

What is type 3 functional response?

Answer 5

• predator’s rate of prey consumption is initially low, increases rapidly when prey density is moderate, and slows when prey density is high
  -low consumption rate at low prey densities because predators have had less practice catching novel prey or the remaining prey are the best hiders

ex:
50 eggs left 12 eggs/min
13 eggs left 10 eggs/min
2 eggs left 0.5 eggs/min

Question 6

Defenses against predation:

Answer 6

behavioral defenses
chemical defenses
structural defenses
coloration defenses

Question 7

Behavioral defenses

Answer 7

alarm calling, vigilance, reduced activity, avoidance

Question 8

Chemical defenses

Answer 8

compounds that are unpalatable or hard to digest

Question 9

Structural defenses

Answer 9

physical structures that make it logistically difficult for a predator to consume the prey

Question 10

Coloration defenses

Answer 10

camouflage: allows organisms to blend in with the background
warning coloration: allows organisms to stand out from the background

Question 11

What is warning coloration also known as?

Answer 11

aposematic coloration

warn predators of their distatsefulness

Question 12

Mullerian mimicry

Answer 12

multiple poisonous frogs that all look alike

stinging bee and stinging wasp that look alike

Question 13

Batesian mimic

Answer 13

harmless species avoid predation by mimicking the color patterns of species that are harmful to predators