Predation 2

Question 1

Animal strategies for avoiding predation

Answer 1

behavioural
signaling
physical features

Question 2

Behavioural strategies

Answer 2

-seeking refuge
-nocturnality
-defencive circle
-mobbing
-attacking – > chemicals, or physical
-playing dead
-distraction

Question 3

does reaching refugia cost anything?

Answer 3

costs energy and disrupts foraging ability, however, better unfed than dead

Question 4

Signaling strategies

Answer 4

-aposematic coloration
-mimicry
-bluffing

Question 5

Aposematic coloration

Answer 5

prey species that display light and conspicuous colors
-signal that they are distasteful or contain toxins

Question 6

what happens after a predator encounters a aposematic colored signal and eats the mf or is injured?

Answer 6

-pred wont do dat shi again
-other members of that species can also learn about that

Question 7

batesian mimicry

Answer 7

non toxic species which resemble a toxic one

Question 8

mullerian mimicry

Answer 8

toxic species resembles another toxic species
-increased learning effect

Question 9

bluffing- signaling

Answer 9

make self look bigger–> mayfly

Question 10

Physical features

Answer 10

-body size
-predator satiation
-rapid movement
-body armor
-autonomy- body amputation

Question 11

interspecific social dominance

Answer 11

when mimicry is used to reduce competition from other species

Question 12

pros and cons of body size

Answer 12

pros- not dying(too big)
cons- takes a lot of energy to maintain large body

Question 13

example of safety in numbers

Answer 13

cicadas emerge in insane quantities every 10 year, satiate predators and reproduce

Question 14

Gauses predation experiments on refuge

Answer 14

-when put predator and prey in water they both go extinct,
-replicate immigration by restocking,
then voterra model predictions

Question 15

rescue effect:

Answer 15

individuals from larger pop may immigrate and rescue smaller pop

Question 16

How do plants defend themselves

Answer 16

1. resistance
2. tolerance

Question 17

plant structural defences

Answer 17

pointy stuff
trichomes
hard leaves

Question 18

trichomes

Answer 18

extention of epidermis

Question 19

crypsis

Answer 19

defence mechanism where plant hides
-wilting
-blending in

Question 20

Secondary metabolites

Answer 20

compounds not used for photosynthesis, respiration, growth, or development

Question 21

alkaloids

Answer 21

noxious odours - mint, sage
repellent taste- quinine
excessive stimulation- caffine
-lethargy- opioids

Question 22

capsaicin

Answer 22

spice that affects mammals but not birds

Question 23

Constitutive defences (plants)
pros and cons

Answer 23

-permanent defences
-produced continuously
pro- no need to worry about sudden attacks
con- costs lots of eneergy to maintain, herbivore can coevolve

Question 24

Induced defences

pros and cons

Answer 24

phenotypic plasticity
concentrations of a defensive chemical increases rapidly in response to herbivore damage
pro- no constant maintenence
con- sudden attacks

Question 25

constitutive defences example

Answer 25

toxins digestion reducing chemicals--> tannins

Question 26

induced chemical defence

Answer 26

tomato plant increase volatile compuond after spider mite infestation

Question 27

why are alkaloids more common in tropical plants

Answer 27

because more diverse predators need more diverse defences

Question 28

why do plants not have warning colors?

Answer 28

because they need chlorophyll

Question 29

the three trophic levels and how shit happens what type of tropic system follows these rules?

Answer 29

plants limited by resources herbivores limited by predators predators limited by food limits-herbivores r rarer odd number trophic system