Predation 1

Question 1

eating another organism is

Answer 1

exploitation

Question 2

what is the difference between herbivory and carnivory

Answer 2

carnivores kill. herbivores do not usually, however reduce fitness of, and reproduction

Question 3

what is the optimal foraging theory?
what does it depend on?

Answer 3

tells about dietary specialization
it relies on the encounter rate, and the handling time

Question 4

encounter rate:

Answer 4

time it takes to search and find prey

Question 5

handling time

Answer 5

time it takes to subdue/ consume/ digest prey

Question 6

herbivores tend to be
why?

exception??

Answer 6

-specialists
-because plants are tough to digest and require adaptations to be efficient
-grasshoppers are generalist

Question 7

what do most herbivores eat, and why?

Answer 7

leaves,
because they are abundant and nutritious, sometimes year round
some specialize on roots

Question 8

what are the 2 types of herbivores

Answer 8

-grazers
-browsers

Question 9

Grazers

Answer 9

feeds on nutritious rich, low growing non-woody shit
cows and horses

Question 10

browsers

Answer 10

feed on nutrient poor stuff thats high growing, like leafs or twigs

Question 11

effect of successful predation: herbivores vs carnivores

Answer 11

-carnivores is obvious, death
-herbivore doesnt immediately kill however

Question 12

in grasses, a predation event

Answer 12

stimulates growth

Question 13

The effect of geese grazing on grass growth

Answer 13

above ground biomass decreased,
HOWEVER, primary productivity increased

Question 14

Productivity of grass only elevated with

Answer 14

Light grazing, feces is like fertilizer, occurs in early summer
if criteria not met, productivity and biomass decrease

Question 15

Carnivores tend to have

Answer 15

broad diets, generalists

Question 16

carnivores eat prey in relation to their availability
what is the exception

Answer 16

dont show preference

exceptions–lynx and coyote eat primarily hares

Question 17

Prey Switching also known as

Answer 17

-predators concentrate on whatever prey most abundant
-frequency dependent predation

Question 18

-what adaptions do cheetas have for catching prey
-what are the tradeoffs

Answer 18

-specialized for bursts of speed
-trade off: stamina not great

Question 19

snake adaptations for prey

Answer 19

-skull bones not not rigidly attached
-consume prey larger than their heads

Question 20

komodo dragons

Answer 20

-venom
-anti coagulates, prey bleed out

Question 21

mimicry

Answer 21

mimic surroundings and ambush mfs

Question 22

garter snake

Answer 22

detoxify poison,however puts them in a vulnerable position

Question 23

what are prey populations affected by?

Answer 23

-Food availability
- consumtive effect on predators
-non consumptive effects on predators

Question 24

Lynx and hare - predator prey dynamics

Answer 24

-pops go through cycles where they peak every 10 years
-affected by lynx and other factors

Question 25

consumptive effect of predation

Answer 25

direct effects of predators on prey population through capture and consumption

Question 26

Non consumptive effects of predation

Answer 26

due to predators being present, morphological, stress physiology, and behaviour changes

Question 27

when does non consumptive effects change reproduction rates

Answer 27

results when direct consumptive effects of predation are high

Question 28

What happens to hares when there is high predation rate -high numbers of predators even with low predation rate:

Answer 28

-mfs got high blood cortisol lvls - dont reproduce as much applies to when dogs are present aswell, even if dogs dont eat them

Question 29

Dugongs(sea cows) response to tiger shark density

Answer 29

go deep so they avoid predators, even if less food

Question 30

if given enough food hare pop how does supply and predation affect this?

Answer 30

grows exponentially hella mfs get eaten, heavy browsing induces chemical defences of plants aswell, food shortages cause a decrease in pop

Question 31

the lotka volterra model for predation ignores

Answer 31

competition

Question 32

prey subscript

Answer 32

H

Question 33

predator subscript

Answer 33

P

Question 34

Predator prey dynamics

Answer 34

1. describe population growth of prey --> change in num of prey over period of time 2.add in predation as a factor --> THE BREAK to the prey pop growth

Question 35

what is b?

Answer 35

capture efficiency --> success rate of predator

Question 36

if pred catches 1 out of 50 prey-->

Answer 36

capture efficiency is 1/50

Question 37

what is c?

Answer 37

conversion factor--> how many prey to produce one predator

Question 38

if Np > rh/b

Answer 38

prey pop decreases

Question 39

Np < rh/b

Answer 39

prey pop increases

Question 40

number of prey is on what axis?

Answer 40

the X axis