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BIOL 208 Midterm 2 > Disease Ecology > Flashcards

Disease Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

what is considered a disease?

A

an Atypical condition in living organism that causes some sort of physiological impairment

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2
Q

Zoonotic diseases

A

diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans

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3
Q

Nipah virus

A

Is an RNA virus
jumped from bats to pigs to humans
high fatality rate because we did not coevolve

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4
Q

Lyme disease

A

-white footed mice are reservoir for disease, spreading disease to many tics
-mice populations usually kept in check by predators but no forests for predators bc of deforestation

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5
Q

malaria

A

-transmitted via mosquito bites, in low latitudes
-hella fuckin cases
-

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6
Q

disease ecology

A

host-pathogen interactions within the context of their environment and evolution

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7
Q

what are the goals of disease ecology? (2)

A

1) understand pathogen transmission and spread over time and space
2)impacts of host populations

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8
Q

all disease causing organisms are:
what does it do to donor and recipient

A

Selfish
donor: + fitness recipient: - fittness
exploitative

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9
Q

infectious diseases are not transmitted between hosts;

A

the pathogens/ parasites that cause diseases are

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10
Q

Direct transmission

A

direct contact between hosts

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11
Q

Indirect transmission

A

indirect transfer of infectious agent: fomites, airborne, animal vectors

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12
Q

Horizontal transmission

A

transmission within same generation

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13
Q

Vertical Transmission

A

parent to offspring before or during birth

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14
Q

how do viruses replicate inside cells (steps)

A
  1. virus binds to cell and enters
  2. virus delivers its genome to site where it can reproduce new copies of viral protein and RNA
  3. viral protiens and RNA burst through cell wall,
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15
Q

influenza horizontal or vertical?

A

horizontal

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16
Q

3 vertically transmitted diseases

A

zika, chickenpox, HIV

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17
Q

What is the RNA virus repsonsible for the disease COVID 19?

A

SARS-CoV-2

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18
Q

What transmission is relatively unaffected by host density?

A

frequency dependent transmission

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19
Q

The per capita rate at which susceptible individual becomes infected increases with

A

fraction of host pop that is infectious BUT DOES NOT INCREASE WITH OVERALL DENSITY

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20
Q

what is an example of a vector borne pathogen?

A

STDs

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21
Q

Endemic

A

constant presence, however low spread

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22
Q

Epidemic

A

High spread, only certain reasons

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23
Q

Pandemic

A

global epidemic

24
Q

What is R0 in pathogens

A

the relative reproductive ratio of a pathogen
describes the initial growth of a pathogen in previously unexposed host population

25
Q

beta=

A

transmission rate
probability for infection

26
Q

N=

A

number of host available for infection

27
Q

weird V- nu =

A

virulence- disease induced death rate of hosts

28
Q

d=

A

natural death rate of host

29
Q

r=

A

recovery of host

30
Q

how do we interpret R0

A

the average number of people who will be infected by 1 person with a disease, has certain assumptions

31
Q

assumptions for R0

A

-naiive population
-everyone is susceptible in pop
-no vaccinations- transmission interventions

32
Q

when R0 > 1

A

disease is increasing

33
Q

When R0< 1

A

disease in decline

34
Q

What is a dimensionless metric? meaning it does not refer to a specific time window?

A

R0

35
Q

What does R0 get replaced with once disease starts to spread?

A

Re and Rt
effective reproduction number

36
Q

what does R0 inform us?
what does it not inform us of?

A

how much the disease spreads and how hard it is to contain
does not inform us of virulence: ability to damage host

37
Q

are R0 Re and Rt constants?

A

no, they vary from place to place and vary from time to time

38
Q

What are compartments?

A

subpopulations of the host

39
Q

what do compartment models do?

A

help epidemologists stop the spread

40
Q

can different diseases have different compartment models?

A

yes

41
Q

How do we slow disease?

A

behavioural changes
herd immunity(vaccinations)

42
Q

Behavioural changes: isolation vs quarantine

A

isolation: separate sick individuals from healthy

quarantine: separate individuals who have been exposed, even if not showing symptoms

43
Q

when does herd immunity occur?

A

when immunity rates are high enough that pop growth rate (r) of pathogen is negative, it might go extinct

44
Q

herd immunity threshold-

A

H miinimum percent of pop that must be immunized to reach herd immunity

45
Q

what is the coorelation between R0 and H

A

the higher the R0- the higher the H must be- because higher contagious pathogens spread fast

46
Q

why do pathogens hurt hosts? if they rely on them? (virulence)

A

because parasites that replicate too slowly do not produce sufficient transmission stage,
replicate too quickly will kill their host before transmission
selection favours pathogens with intermediate levels of within host transmission

47
Q

strategies for combating infection: tolerance vs resistance

A

tolerance: ability for host to tolerate infection by minimizing damage done without impeding replication or transmission

resistance: reduce probability of infection, reduce replication, increase pathogen clearance.

48
Q

why arent hosts more resistant to diseases

A

-trade-offs between resistance and fitness related traits
-pathogen evolution
-tradeoff between resistance and weakness to other diseases

49
Q

host- parasite interactions ,may lead to

A

co evolutionary dynamics that increase genetic diversity of both host and parasite

50
Q

Devil facial tumor

A

tasmanian devils
-non viral clonally transmissible cancer

51
Q

chronic wasting disease

A

-elk and deer
-highly contagious
-caused by a prion
-fatal neurological disease

52
Q

Sylvatic plague

A

prairy dogs
transmitted by fleas,
endangered black footed ferrets also at risk

53
Q

whirling disease

A

caused by parasite causes young fish to die and older mfs to swim in tail chasing motion

54
Q

Chytridiomycosis

A

causing major decline in amphibians
chytrid fungus responsible
inhibits ability to breathe

55
Q

white nose syndrome (Pd)

A

-Ascomycete fungus
-bats
-attacks bare skin of hybernating bats
-causes them to be more active than normal, burning fat -stores and making them leave in the winter
-Huge decline in bats

BIOL 208 Midterm 2 (10 decks)

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