Population Ecology distribution and abundance

Question 1

Population

Answer 1

Group of individuals from the same species that co-occur in space at the same time

Question 2

density

Answer 2

of individuals per unit area

Question 3

Distribution

Answer 3

-size shape and location of area occupied

Question 4

Absolute density

Answer 4

The number of individuals of a population per unit area

Question 5

Ecological Density

Answer 5

Number of individuals of a population per unit area SUITABLE HABITAT
ie moose per hectar of forest

Question 6

Metapopulation

Answer 6

-population of many species that do occur in spatially isolated patches
-subpopulations living on such patches by exchange of individuals making up the metapopulation

Question 7

5 essentials of a metapopulation

Answer 7

1. metapopulations are populations of subpopulations
2. subpopulations connected by movement of individuals from one subpop to another
3. subpop can go extinct and recolonize over time
4. subpopulation extinction greatest for small subpop
   5.y-dependent and density-independent population dynamics occur within each population

Question 8

Rocky Mountain parnassian butterfly

Answer 8

-specific niche requirement distributed in patches
-subpop size coorelates with meadow size
-immigration from small pop to large ones

Question 9

what is decreasing size of rocky mountain parnassian butterfly?

Answer 9

fire suppression and warming climate, forest encroachment

Question 10

The distribution of a population is limited by

Answer 10

physical environment and species niche requirements

Question 11

what are the abiotic and biotic factors that make up Habitat suitability

Answer 11

Abiotic
soil comp, ph , temp, precip
biotic
-interactions(territoriality etc) , herbivores, preds, pathogen

Question 12

what influences population distribution and abundance

Answer 12

habitat suitability
historical factors
dispersal limitations

Question 13

WHy arent polar bears in antarctica?

Answer 13

They cannot travel through warm areas because of physiological limitations, cannot disperse to suitable habitat

Question 14

Dispersal

Answer 14

Permanent movement of individuals

Question 15

Natal Dispersal

Answer 15

Juveniles disperse to another location permanently

Question 16

Greenwood animals vs birds dispersal

Answer 16

-Sex based dispersal
-Female BIRDS more likely to undergo natal dispersion–> because males are territorial
-males more likely–> mammals more likely to be polygynous , reduce risk of relative females

Question 17

Seed dispersal modes
Gravity
Explosive
by wind
water
animals

Answer 17

heavy fruits fall from tree and roll
short
short distances
short to long distance
short to long
transporting long to short

Question 18

Examples of seeds being dispersed by animals
cougars, pacus, lizards

Answer 18

cougars eat herbivores
pacus–> fish that eat fruit
lizards–> eat seeds and shit in rocks which is suitable environment

Question 19

Dispersion can alter

Answer 19

species distributions and local pop density

Question 20

immigration

Answer 20

movement into a local pop

Question 21

emmigration

Answer 21

movement out of a local pop

Question 22

pred responses to variation in prey density

Answer 22

functional RESPONSE
-increase or decrease feeding rate
NUMERICAL RESPONSE
-increase or decrease pred pop in respnse to change in prey density

Question 23

2 drivers of numerical responses

Answer 23

reproduction response

dispersal(aggregative response)

Question 24

reproduction response ( a driver of numerical response)

example of animal

Answer 24

-time lag between peak prey and pred
-non synchronized dynamic
wolves

Question 25

aggregative response what type of animal do dis

Answer 25

no time lag between peak prey and pred synchronized bird of prey

Question 26

the 3 Dispersal patterns

Answer 26

RANDOM- REGULAR- Clumped-

Question 27

Random distribution

Answer 27

-equal chance of living anywhere. -neutral interactions between organisms, and local environment--> -random disturbance, uniform distribution of resources

Question 28

Regular Distribution

Answer 28

-uniformly spread -negative interactions between individuals or depletion of resources--> -uniform distribution of resources -uniform depletion of resources

Question 29

Clumped distribution

Answer 29

higher probability of being in some areas, Attraction between individuals or a common resource -patchy resources -dispersal limitation

Question 30

Large scale Distributions are

Answer 30

How individuals are distributed over scales where there is significant environmental change

Question 31

Large scale distributions tend to be

Answer 31

clumped

Question 32

the wider a species large scale distribution, usually

Answer 32

The broader the niche -bird pops

Question 33

Why arent all species in all the places?

Answer 33

principle of allocation -takes extra energy to survive and reproduce in regions on edge of niche -surviving on edge not efficient

Question 34

Africanized bee

Answer 34

aggressive, efficient, large colonies bc of excess food massive swarms outcompete other bees too cold for them to travel north and south of range or dispersal lag--> not enough time to colonize new area, will happen eventually

Question 35

Mountain pine beetle

Answer 35

usually limited by cold temps(-40) however recent outbreaks linked to favorable weather in summer and winter dry summer good for beetles as tree defences crippled also climate control

Question 36

range expansion due to climate change

Answer 36

theoretically dispersal allows species to move along climate, only if climate change slow enough to keep up' -->solution, speed up climate change as much as possible

Question 37

population density decreases with and why?

Answer 37

increasing organism size body scaling metabolic demand and resource availability -->large organism take up hella space and resources

Question 38

why do birds and mammals occupy similar body body mass ranges?

Answer 38

mammals live in more dense populations as birds are more mobile and can forage over large areas

Question 39

density decreases with increasing biomass in a process called why?

Answer 39

self thinning competition between plants

Question 40

what is different and similar with plant size spectum as opposed to animals

Answer 40

relationship more dynamic in plants life stages in plants -- self thinning body scaling and resource demands vs. availability have similar patterns

Question 41

Commonness and rareness of species influenced by:

Answer 41

geographic range habitat tolerance local pop size

Question 42

common species have

Answer 42

no aspects of rarity

Question 43

somewhat vulnerable species have

Answer 43

one aspect of rarity

Question 44

more vulnerable species have

Answer 44

two aspects of rarity

Question 45

rare species have

Answer 45

three aspects of rarity

Question 46

IUCN red list

Answer 46

LC,NT,VU,EN,CR,EW,EX ---------------------------->

Question 47

SARA Species at risk act

Answer 47

risk categories special concern :sensitive to human disturbance Threatened: likely to be endangered if limiting factors not reversed Endangered: at immediate risk of extirpation or extinction exterpation: no longer exist in canada Extinct: no longer exists anywhere Data deficient- not enough info