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BIOL 208 Midterm 2 > Population Ecology distribution and abundance > Flashcards

Population Ecology distribution and abundance Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals from the same species that co-occur in space at the same time

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2
Q

density

A

of individuals per unit area

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3
Q

Distribution

A

-size shape and location of area occupied

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4
Q

Absolute density

A

The number of individuals of a population per unit area

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5
Q

Ecological Density

A

Number of individuals of a population per unit area SUITABLE HABITAT
ie moose per hectar of forest

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6
Q

Metapopulation

A

-population of many species that do occur in spatially isolated patches
-subpopulations living on such patches by exchange of individuals making up the metapopulation

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7
Q

5 essentials of a metapopulation

A
  1. metapopulations are populations of subpopulations
  2. subpopulations connected by movement of individuals from one subpop to another
  3. subpop can go extinct and recolonize over time
  4. subpopulation extinction greatest for small subpop
    5.y-dependent and density-independent population dynamics occur within each population
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8
Q

Rocky Mountain parnassian butterfly

A

-specific niche requirement distributed in patches
-subpop size coorelates with meadow size
-immigration from small pop to large ones

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9
Q

what is decreasing size of rocky mountain parnassian butterfly?

A

fire suppression and warming climate, forest encroachment

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10
Q

The distribution of a population is limited by

A

physical environment and species niche requirements

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11
Q

what are the abiotic and biotic factors that make up Habitat suitability

A

Abiotic
soil comp, ph , temp, precip
biotic
-interactions(territoriality etc) , herbivores, preds, pathogen

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12
Q

what influences population distribution and abundance

A

habitat suitability
historical factors
dispersal limitations

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13
Q

WHy arent polar bears in antarctica?

A

They cannot travel through warm areas because of physiological limitations, cannot disperse to suitable habitat

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14
Q

Dispersal

A

Permanent movement of individuals

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15
Q

Natal Dispersal

A

Juveniles disperse to another location permanently

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16
Q

Greenwood animals vs birds dispersal

A

-Sex based dispersal
-Female BIRDS more likely to undergo natal dispersion–> because males are territorial
-males more likely–> mammals more likely to be polygynous , reduce risk of relative females

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17
Q

Seed dispersal modes
Gravity
Explosive
by wind
water
animals

A

heavy fruits fall from tree and roll
short
short distances
short to long distance
short to long
transporting long to short

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18
Q

Examples of seeds being dispersed by animals
cougars, pacus, lizards

A

cougars eat herbivores
pacus–> fish that eat fruit
lizards–> eat seeds and shit in rocks which is suitable environment

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19
Q

Dispersion can alter

A

species distributions and local pop density

20
Q

immigration

A

movement into a local pop

21
Q

emmigration

A

movement out of a local pop

22
Q

pred responses to variation in prey density

A

functional RESPONSE
-increase or decrease feeding rate
NUMERICAL RESPONSE
-increase or decrease pred pop in respnse to change in prey density

23
Q

2 drivers of numerical responses

A

reproduction response

dispersal(aggregative response)

24
Q

reproduction response ( a driver of numerical response)

example of animal

A

-time lag between peak prey and pred
-non synchronized dynamic
wolves

25
Q

aggregative response

what type of animal do dis

A

no time lag between peak prey and pred
synchronized
bird of prey

26
Q

the 3 Dispersal patterns

A

RANDOM-

REGULAR-

Clumped-

27
Q

Random distribution

A

-equal chance of living anywhere.
-neutral interactions between organisms, and local environment–>

-random disturbance, uniform distribution of resources

28
Q

Regular Distribution

A

-uniformly spread
-negative interactions between individuals or depletion of resources–>
-uniform distribution of resources
-uniform depletion of resources

29
Q

Clumped distribution

A

higher probability of being in some areas, Attraction between individuals or a common resource
-patchy resources
-dispersal limitation

30
Q

Large scale Distributions are

A

How individuals are distributed over scales where there is significant environmental change

31
Q

Large scale distributions tend to be

A

clumped

32
Q

the wider a species large scale distribution, usually

A

The broader the niche
-bird pops

33
Q

Why arent all species in all the places?

A

principle of allocation
-takes extra energy to survive and reproduce in regions on edge of niche
-surviving on edge not efficient

34
Q

Africanized bee

A

aggressive, efficient,
large colonies bc of excess food
massive swarms
outcompete other bees
too cold for them to travel north and south of range
or dispersal lag–> not enough time to colonize new area, will happen eventually

35
Q

Mountain pine beetle

A

usually limited by cold temps(-40)
however recent outbreaks linked to favorable weather in summer and winter
dry summer good for beetles as tree defences crippled
also climate control

36
Q

range expansion due to climate change

A

theoretically dispersal allows species to move along climate,
only if climate change slow enough to keep up’
–>solution, speed up climate change as much as possible

37
Q

population density decreases with
and why?

A

increasing organism size
body scaling
metabolic demand and resource availability
–>large organism take up hella space and resources

38
Q

why do birds and mammals occupy similar body body mass ranges?

A

mammals live in more dense populations as birds are more mobile and can forage over large areas

39
Q

density decreases with increasing biomass in a process called
why?

A

self thinning
competition between plants

40
Q

what is different and similar with plant size spectum as opposed to animals

A

relationship more dynamic in plants life stages in plants – self thinning

body scaling and resource demands vs. availability have similar patterns

41
Q

Commonness and rareness of species influenced by:

A

geographic range
habitat tolerance
local pop size

42
Q

common species have

A

no aspects of rarity

43
Q

somewhat vulnerable species have

A

one aspect of rarity

44
Q

more vulnerable species have

A

two aspects of rarity

45
Q

rare species have

A

three aspects of rarity

46
Q

IUCN red list

A

LC,NT,VU,EN,CR,EW,EX
—————————->

47
Q

SARA Species at risk act

A

risk categories
special concern :sensitive to human disturbance
Threatened: likely to be endangered if limiting factors not reversed
Endangered: at immediate risk of extirpation or extinction
exterpation: no longer exist in canada
Extinct: no longer exists anywhere
Data deficient- not enough info

BIOL 208 Midterm 2 (10 decks)

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