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A RSNR120 > Precision Agriculture & Integrative Systems > Flashcards

Precision Agriculture & Integrative Systems Flashcards

1
Q

It’s expected rainfall is going to get more random (variable), so we need to manage our system by: Select one or more: a. Genetically changing our animals to store fat storage b. Removing legumes from our pastures c. Having monocultures of grasses d. Changing our pasture species e. Conserving fodder

A

A) Genetically changing our animals to store fat storage, E)Conserving fodder, D) Changing our pasture species

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2
Q

The major sustainability issues for Australian agricultural systems that need to be considered include: (select the correct answers) Select one or more: a. Marketing b. Water quality and availability c. Weed and pest encroachment d. Profitability e. Snow melt f. Acidification g. Pollution and vegetation decline h. Soil erosion i. Social benefits j. Salinisation

A

A, B, C, D, F, G, H, I, J

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3
Q

Lovering and Crabb (1998) stated “much resource degradation in Australia is now regarded as irreversible”. In this context they suggest the first principle of sustainability of an agricultural system is to: Select one: a. don’t worry about resource degradation b. with increasing land degradation the long term economic viability of the farm will always increase c. identify the continuing threats to resource degradation and encourage damage to the natural resource base d. identify the continuing threats to resource degradation and ensure there is no more damage to the natural resource base

A

d. identify the continuing threats to resource degradation and ensure there is no more damage to the natural resource base

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4
Q

There is a relationship between the legume plants that supply carbon and the rhizobium bacteria that fix nitrogen from the atmosphere which is then utilised by the legume. Select one: True False

A

TRUE

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5
Q

The addition of legumes (including clover) decreases the amount nitrogen content available for the animals to graze. Select one: True False

A

False

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6
Q

What is the major limitation of native grasses in the Kirby grazing system? Select one: a. long lifecycle b. short lifecycle

A

B)

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7
Q

How can you identify a stock camp: Select one: a. Always at the middle of the slope b. Always at the bottom of the slope c. Often green with thistles

A

c. Often green with thistles

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8
Q

What is precision agriculture technically?

A

Observation, impact assessment and timely strategic response to fine-scale variation in causative components of an agricultural production process.

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9
Q

What is precision agriculture practically?

A

Practically Doing the right thing At the right TIME In the right PLACE To the right ANIMAL

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10
Q

What’s factors are driving PA?

A

• Feeding the world - water security • Efficient food, quality food & safe food • Preservation of environment • Increased consumer demand for knowledge

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11
Q

It’s all about the variability what is time and an example

A

temporal Variation over time (i.e. rainfall)

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12
Q

It’s all about the variability what is place and an example

A

spatial Variability across an area (i.e. soil pH)

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13
Q

It’s all about the variability what is to the right animal and an example

A

Individual Variation Variability between a group of animals (i.e. fleece weight)

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14
Q

Precision agriculture is a process what are the steps

A

Step 1: Observation & collection of data Step 2: Data interpretation & evaluation Step 3: Implementation of management plan

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15
Q

When did GPS become available for farmers? and what was it first used for on a farm

A

1990 Global Positioning System (GPS) becomes available • Yield monitors developed • Variable Rate (VR) controllers developed

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16
Q

what technology do we use to measure variability?

A

• Sensors for the climate system • Sensors for the water system • Sensors for the soil system • Sensors for the plant system • Sensors for the livestock system

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17
Q

Why consider soil variability?

A

• Soils vary over the landscape. •Different soils have different capacities to hold and deliver nutrients and moisture to crops. •Understanding soil variability is crucial to good crop management. The variations in soil characteristics result in variations in crop yield and quality.

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18
Q

The use of Soils and Soil Maps

A

• Traditionally, surveys were conducted by soil scientists who combined knowledge of geology and topography with targeted physical soil sampling, to create maps. • These maps are very good but are often of little use at sub-field scales for PA. Creating high-resolution maps is costly.

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19
Q

Gridded soil sampling to produce maps…

A

•To do this a grid is superimposed over an area and each cell is sampled (GPS is used to locate sampling sites) •Very costly though

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20
Q

Electromagnetic Induction (EMI)

A

The most widely used PA soil sensors are EMI sensors. • They are simple to use and can provide useful information of the underlying soil. • EMI sensors measure electromagnetic conductivity (Eca) in the soil • Fortunately, apparent soil conductivity (ECa) often correlates to important soil characteristics: • Salinity • Texture (Clay content) • Soil water content

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21
Q

Heavy soil have an EM 38 value of?

A

(EM38 value = 200mS/m)

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22
Q

Lighter soil have an EM38 value of?

A

(EM38 value = 100mS/m)

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23
Q

What do EMI surveys not provide?

A

EMI surveys provide information about soil conductivity, they are NOT soil maps, they are soil conductivity maps.

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24
Q

How does EM machine work?

A

It’s electrical induction: The sensor has a transmitting coil at one end and a receiving coil at the other end. • The transmitter emits an electromagnetic signal (primary magnetic field) which passes through the soil. • This induces a secondary magnetic field in the soil which is detected by the receiver coil

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25
Q

How does it work?

A

• The strength of the signal is proportional to the soil conductivity ECa This relates to: •ion content (salinity) •texture •moisture

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26
Q

Applications of the EM38

A

• Mapping soil variability across a paddock • Variable rate sowing • Variable rate fertiliser • Salinity monitoring • Knowing the soil drainage profile • Contouring • Levelling • Irrigation scheduling

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27
Q

Site Specific Management

A

“A form of PA whereby decisions on resource application and agronomic practices are improved to better match soil and crop requirements as they vary in a field

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28
Q

Variable Rate (VR)

A

• We now have machines that adjust input rates across the paddock - Seed sowing rate - Growth regulators - Fertilisers - Herbicides/Pesticides This is done through variable rate controllers

29
Q

Why use VR?

A

• Save input costs • Standard technique was to apply all nitrogen “up front” • This caused several problems: • N could be lost through leaching if there was a big rainfall event. • N could be lost through denitrification during water logging. • The N rate applied may not suit all season. • Over and under fertilising areas of the paddock

30
Q

VR – how it’s done

A

• Variable rate machines need to be told where and when to adjust their rates • Sensors which we use: • EM38 (for soils) • Greenseeker (plants) • Satellite (plants) • Yield monitors (grain/plants) • From the sensor measurements, maps of variability are created which we use to make decisions on how much to apply

31
Q

What are the challenges in grazing systems?

A

• Soils – nutrient management, fertiliser is one of the biggest inputs to a grazing system • Quantifying pastures – having access to information around the amount, growth rate and quality of pasture to enable optimal stocking rate • Animal monitoring – understanding where your animals are up to in terms of production, health and welfare • Labour – using labour more efficiently, it’s the biggest cost in most farming operations

32
Q

Radio frequency identification

A

• Has been around for a number of years and is used in a number of industries (i.e. retail) • RFID has become common in livestock industries since the introduction of the NLIS • Active or passive (NLIS is passive)

33
Q

How do RFID tags work?

A

• 3 main components • RFID tag • RFID reader • Antenna • When an RFID tag passes through the field of the scanning antenna, it detects the activation signal from the antenna. The scanning antenna provides the RFID tag with the energy to communicate. That “wakes up” the RFID chip, and it transmits the information on its microchip to be picked up by the scanning antenna.

34
Q

RFID livestock tags

A

• Used as part of the National Livestock Identification System • Introduced in 1999 • Compulsory scheme which involves the application of RFID tags to all cattle • Used for animal traceability (monitor the movement of livestock from property to property) • Some producers applying them to sheep also • Can also be used as a management tool

35
Q

Benefits of using RFID

A

• Integration with weighing systems • Reduction in recording errors • Decreased labour costs • Used in combination with herd management software • Treatments • Movements • Performance data

36
Q

Walk-over-weigh (WOW)

A

• Walkover weigh scale systems feature: • weigh platform on top of load cells • reader that can recognise a RFID tag attached to the animal. • Animals RFID tag is read by a panel reader as the animal walks over the weigh platform and its weight is recorded and matched with its tag number. • The scales provide a liveweight for the animal each time they pass over the scales and logs this data. • Usually set up around a water point or some kind of attractant.

37
Q

WOW benefits

A

• Monitor weight on an individual level almost daily • Allow graziers to respond with management interventions • Minimise weight losses • Identify poor performing animals • Reduced labour costs associated with mustering and weighing

38
Q

Challenges for WOW

A

• A learning time required (some studies show 10 days for cows) • Multiple animals on the platform • Getting all sheep to use it • Weight accuracies • Transfer of data

39
Q

On-animal sensors

A

• Fitbits for livestock? • GPS and accelerometer • GPS = location and behaviour monitoring • Accelerometer = behaviour monitoring • Measuring behaviour, location and health • Market driving advances in tech development recently

40
Q

Why on-animal sensors?

A

• Currently, one person can be responsible for looking after 100’s or 1000’s of animals. • It’s just not physically or practically possible to frequently monitor this number of animals given the large scale enterprises and limited labour and associated costs. • These on-animal based systems have the potential to provide a 24/7 monitoring system • Rising pressure to ensure animal welfare standards are upheld and quantifiable

41
Q

Some challenges with GPS tracking

A

• Sensors need to be robust • Weather • Animals • Getting an accurate GPS fix • Form factor of devices • Very power hungry • Recharging the power for long-term/lifetime deployment • Data processing

42
Q

What is Accelerometers

A

• Acceleration is the rate at which an object changes its speed • Measures the change in force during movement • Measures acceleration in all 3 axis (x/y/z) • Acceleration measured in ‘g’ • Constant ~1g pulling downwards

43
Q

But what do we use an accelerometer for?

A

• In a livestock context, think about accelerometers like a Fitbit for animals. • Accelerometers mainly used to classify behaviour states. • 3 main states of livestock activity • Resting • Travelling • Grazing • Also rumination.. • How can knowing livestock behaviour at a certain time be of benefit? - lambing/calving - Health status - Oestrus detection - Dog attacks

44
Q

Accelerometers for livestock negatives

A

Bad Large amounts of data Between animal variation placement of sensors Behaviour prediction accuracy is variable Requires calibration & validation Need to be powered long term Need a communication system to retrieve the data

45
Q

Virtual fencing

A

• Animals receive an audible sound followed by an electric stimulus when they cross a virtual line

46
Q

Benefits of virtual fencing?

A

• Environmental benefits • Riparian zone protection • Over and under grazing • Production benefits • Cell/rotational grazing • Precise pasture management • Labour/Management benefits • Fencing maintenance, movements • Animal location and monitoring • Remote mustering

47
Q

plant sensing?

A

There can be significant variation in crop yield! • Producers want to manage this to optimise yields for profit. • To achieve this, a picture of the variability whilst the crop is in its vegetative phase is beneficial (yield monitoring allows changes in the following season, not the current one) • Producers can use plant sensors to monitor spatial variability in plant vigour and then adjust management decisions accordingly.

48
Q

What is remote sensing (RS)?

A

• In its broadest sense, remote sensing means to gain information from a distance (as opposed to proximal sensing which implies ‘close to the target’). • Remote sensing utilizes electromagnetic waves • For PA, remote sensing is generally thought of as ‘the capture and analysis of information from agricultural lands’. • We often think about remote sensing as capturing information from

49
Q

What is active sensing

A

Active: involves probing the target and measuring/recording the returning information • Passive: involves simply measuring/recording the information emanating, reflecting or scattering from a target. • Sunlight is a widely-used source for passive systems

50
Q

What is Passive sensing?

A

involves simply measuring/recording the information emanating, reflecting or scattering from a target. • Sunlight is a widely-used source for passive systems

51
Q

Proximal active sensors

A

• These sensors are mounted on ground- based vehicles (or very low flying aircraft) and work in a similar way to sensors that are used to gather remote images. • The main difference is that Active Sensors use their own light source to illuminate the crop. Remote satellite images use the sun. • This means they can be used 24 hours a day and under cloud, as they are not dependent on the sun as a light source

52
Q

Sunlight and plants Chlorophyll pigment reflect (what colour) and absorbs in (what colours )

A

Reflects green Absorbs blue and Red

53
Q

Healthy leaves reflect more of what?

A

Near inferred light

54
Q

How a GreenSeeker ® works

A

• The sensor emits brief bursts of red and infrared light, and then measures the amount of each type of light that is reflected back from the plant • The sensor displays the measured value in terms of an NDVI reading (ranging from 0.00 to 0.99) on its LCD display screen • The strength of the detected light is a direct indicator of the health of the crop; the higher the reading, the healthier the plant

55
Q

Vegetation sensing in fallow – weed seeking

A

• Active sensors detect weeds in fallow • The WeedSeeker system senses if a weed is present and signals a spray nozzle to deliver a precise amount of chemical spraying only the weed and not the bare ground. It is most effective in areas where weeds occur intermittently. • Targeted herbicide is applied • Advantages • Chemical savings • Reduced environmental impact • Disadvantages • Expensive to set up • Only suitable for use in a fallow

56
Q

What is (GNSS) and how dose it work

A

Global Navigation Satellite Systems •Each satellite is at a known location •On-ground ‘receiver’ uses the satellite signal to measure the distance (range) to the satellite •Repeating this for more than one satellite in the sky allows the receiver to triangulate its position.

57
Q

GNSS- basic requirements

A

• A ‘signal’ from a satellite takes a finite time to travel a distance • You need… • A constellation of very accurate clocks around the earth that transmit time signals • A receiver of the time signals on the ground which also contains its own clock

58
Q

How many GNSS satellites do we need to have a accurate result.

A

By triangulating all the distances from the satellites (whose positions we know VERY accurately) we can derive a position ‘solution’!

59
Q

Main sources of error in GNSS position solution

A

• GNSS receivers assume • all signals from satellites travel in direct straight lines; • at the expected speed (300,000 km/s); • that the receiver clocks (used to sync with the satellite signals) are ‘deadon-time’ with the satellite clocks; • We know EXACTLY where the satellites are

60
Q

Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP)

A

An estimate of error determined by the configuration (spread) of satellites at the time of capture.

61
Q

DGNSS- how it works

A

Option #1: transmit the correction signal in ‘real’ time out to subscribers (‘real time correction’) Option #2: sell the correction data to a customer to correct their data AFTER the event (‘post-processing’)

62
Q

DGNSS possible errors

A

The correction signal is calculated based on the ‘experience’ of the signals travelling from the satellites to the base station(s). This depends on the base station location relative to the rover. •The accuracy of applying the same correction (ie from a base) to a roving GNSS (that may actually be experiencing different causes of degradation) decreases the further the rover is from the base.

63
Q

Real-time Kinematic (RTK)-GNSS

A

•Having a RTK unit is basically having your own base-station and locating it near the rover. •This ensures the base and rover are experiencing VERY SIMILAR position degrading conditions. Hence the correction signal is HIGHLY applicable.

64
Q

what is the diffrence bewteen RTK and DGNSS

A
65
Q

GNSS accuracies (summary)

A
66
Q

Guidance & controlled-traffic farming (CTF)

A
  • CTF is about guiding machines (and implements) to follow the same wheel tracks time and time again
  • Requires 2-5 cm positioning accuracy- hence RTK
67
Q

Why control wheel traffic?

A

• First pass of a tyre does ~90% of the soil damage (compaction) of 5 passes

68
Q
A

A RSNR120 (7 decks)

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