Final exam Animals Flashcards
How many stomachs does a ruminant have? Select one: a. 2 b. 1 c. 5 d. 3 e. 4
e. 4
Which class of sheep has been in a rapid state of decline as a proportion of the overall flock for the past 30 years? Select one: a. Wethers b. Ewes c. Lambs d. Rams
a. Wethers
What is the major market for meat from Australian cull cows and bulls?
Select one:
a. Manufacturing beef for export to USA, SE Asia and China
b. Whole carcasses for export to the middle east
c. Export to the EU
d. Meat Standards Australia
e. High quality beef for export to Japan
a. Manufacturing beef for export to USA, SE Asia and China
Which of the following countries/regions is the TOP export destination for wool? Select one: a. Greater China b. US c. Czech Republic d. India
A) greater China
What are the 3 main systems of a beef operation?
Select one:
a. Environmental systems, business systems and crossbreeding systems
b. Animal systems, soil systems and marketing systems
c. Genetics systems, data management systems and pasture systems
d. Breeding systems, marketing systems and pasture systems
e. Pasture systems, animal systems and grazing systems
e. Pasture systems, animal systems and grazing systems
Which of the following countries/regions is NOT in the top 4 export destinations for Beef? Select one: a. Greater China b. US c. Indonesia d. Japan e. Korea
D. Japan
What proportion of cattle slaughtered in Australia come from feedlots and is the importance of feedlots increasing or decreasing?
Select one:
a. Around half of all cattle – decreasing
b. Around 1/3 of cattle - decreasing
c. Around ¼ - Increasing
d. Around 1/3 of cattle - Increasing
e. Around half of all cattle – Increasing
B) around 1/3 of cattle- decreasing
Over the past 50 years, the number of piggeries is …………….. and the average herd size is ……………. Select one: a. Decreasing, Decreasing b. Decreasing, Not changing c. Decreasing, Increasing d. Not changing, Increasing e. Increasing, Decreasing
c. Decreasing, Increasing
The palatability of feeds relate to:
Select one:
a. How much metabolisable energy is in the feed
b. The concentration of mycotoxins in the feed
c. How much the animals like it
d. The mineral content of the feed
e. How well the animal can digest the feed
e. How well the animal can digest the feed
Which of the following is more important for grazing beef and sheep production systems?
Select one:
a. Price received per kilo
b. Output per unit area ie kg Beef/Ha
c. Price received per animal
d. Production per animal ie weaning weights of calves
b. Output per unit area ie kg Beef/Ha
It’s expected rainfall is going to get more random (variable), so we need to manage our system by:
Select one or more:
a. Genetically changing our animals to store fat storage
b. Removing legumes from our pastures
c. Having monocultures of grasses
d. Changing our pasture species
e. Conserving fodder
A, d, e
Lovering and Crabb (1998) stated “much resource degradation in Australia is now regarded as irreversible”. In this context they suggest the first principle of sustainability of an agricultural system is to:
Select one:
a. don’t worry about resource degradation
b. with increasing land degradation the long term economic viability of the farm will always increase
c. identify the continuing threats to resource degradation and encourage damage to the natural resource base
d. identify the continuing threats to resource degradation and ensure there is no more damage to the natural resource base
d. identify the continuing threats to resource degradation and ensure there is no more damage to the natural resource base
There is a relationship between the legume plants that supply carbon and the rhizobium bacteria that fix nitrogen from the atmosphere which is then utilised by the legume.
Select one:
True
False
True
The addition of legumes (including clover) decreases the amount nitrogen content available for the animals to graze.
Select one:
True
False
False
What is the major limitation of native grasses in the Kirby grazing system?
Select one:
a. long lifecycle
b. short lifecycle
b. short lifecycle
How can you identify a stock camp:
Select one:
a. Always at the middle of the slope
b. Always at the bottom of the slope
c. Often green with thistles
c. Often green with thistles
Purpose of raising livestock
- Produce healthy, wholesome protein sources
- Produce fibre and fertilizer/waste
- Manage plants/weeds
- Help preserve an endangered breed or species
- Make money/earn a living
- Reduce your income tax by being a primary producer
- Cultural reasons
- “Love animals”
When was the Dog Domesticated and why?
14,000 years ago and companionship
When and Why was the Sheep Domesticated
When: 10,700 Years Ago
Why: Milk and Clothing
When and Why was the Goat Domesticated
When: 9,000 Years Ago.
Why: Food, Clothing and Milk
When and Why was the pig Domesticated
When: 9,000 Years Ago.
Why: Food & Sport
When and Why cattle were Domesticated
When: 6,500 Years Ago.
Why: Religious Reasons
When and Why Chickens were Domesticated
Also Where?
When: 5,500 Years Ago.
Why: Food, Cockfights, Religion
Where: India
When and Why Horses were Domesticated
When:5,000 Years Ago.
Why: Food & Transport
After animals become domesticated, they become dependent on man why cant they be released back into the “wild”
- Most can’t survive in wild
- Most poultry can’t fly
- Most Sheep don’t shed wool
- Cows produce 10,000 L milk / year
- Birds produce 250 eggs / yr. (20 in wild
What are Wild animals
Not genetically altered by selective breeding
Exotic Animal and an example
- Wild animal not native to country
* Example = Deer
Feral Animal:
• A domestic animal that lives in the wild with no
human assistance – wild boar
Breed:
• A population of domestic animals, that the
individual may vary in genotype and phenotype
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF CONSUMERS:
- Vegans
- Vegetarians
- Omnivores
- Grillivores
- Carnivores
- “Enlightened meat consumers”
Why consume meat? And what animal meat do we consume?
Beef, Pork, Lamb, Goat, Poultry
– Most efficient way to get protein
– Only way to harvest some natural resources like grass which are high in cellulose and lignin
– Red meat = nutritious
Red meat Nutritional value
9 essential nutrients including: • Iron • Zinc • B12 • Omega- • Protein • B group vitamins Phosphorus
WHAT DO MEAT CONSUMERS’ DEMAND?
Confidence factors
• Quality- Flavour, Juiciness and tenderness
• Safety- Lack of residues or hazards
Ethical factors
• Products produced, harvested and handled ethically
• Environmental concerns - E. coli, nitrates
Nutritional factors
• Lean, low-fat, healthy source of protein and Bvitamins
• Source of Iron, Zinc and Omega 3’s
Economic factors
• Reasonable purchase price, value for price
What fibers come from animals?
Wool – major industry in Australia • Mohair • Fur • Silk • Velvet
Animal Use as By-Products and examples of each type
• Bones - buttons, glue, fertiliser, mineral supplement for livestock
feed (Calcium)
• Fat - chemicals, creams, dressings, lubricants, soaps, food
• Glands - medicines, food additives
• Collagen - (connective tissue in joints) glue & gelatin
• Intestinal & Stomach tissue - lunch meats, surgical sutures,
strings for musical & sports instruments
• Stomach contents - fertilizer
Behavioural Characteristic favorable to
domestication
- Group Structure Large social groups, hierarchical , males in herd
Sexual Behaviour Promiscuous matings, males dominant
Parent-Young interactions Specific mother/young bond, precocial young
Responses to man Short flight distance, not disturbed by sudden changes
Herbivorous/omnivorous, environmentally
adaptable, limited agility
Management systems Intensive farming
smaller acreage, more input costs per hectare, more labor inputs, sell for higher prices, coastal regions and southern Australia
Management systems Extensive farming
larger acreage, fewer input costs, less labor, slower growth rates, rangelands of northern Australia
examples of animals that are Monogastric and how many stomachs they have?
Monogastric:
- examples – Pig, Dog, Human
- 1 stomach
examples of animals that have a Gizard and how dose digestion work in there body?
Examples: Chicken, Turkey, Duck
Gizzard- is a muscular part of the chickens stomach and uses grit (small, hard particles of pebbles or sand) to grind grains and fiber into smaller, more digestible, particles.
examples of animals that are Polygastric and how many stomachs they have?
Cow, Sheep, Goat
Polygastric digestive system has a four-chambered stomach
examples of animals that are Pseudo-ruminants and how many stomachs they have?
- Horse, Rabbits, Hamster, kangaroo
3 Chamber stomach
Gross value of key products:
Livestock products:
Crops:
livestock slaughter:
Livestock products: $7398
Crops:$11,888
livestock slaughter: $18598
What percentage of lamb and sheep meat is consumed domestically?
27% or 9.2 million carcasses
What percentage of lamb and sheep meat is exported?
73% exported
Is the amount of mutton exported increasing or deceasing?
Decreasing
Is the amount of Lamb exported increasing or deceasing?
Increasing
What are the top 3 nations that Australia exports lamb to?
Middle east- 24.5%
US- 22%
China- 19.3%
What are the top 3 nations that Australia exports mutton to?
Middle east: 36.6%
South east Asia: 19.3%
China: 16.9%
Wool production has decreased since what year?
1990
What percentage of wool is processed locally?
almost 0%
What percentage of wool is exported to china?
86%
In 2015/16 Australia produced how much beef?
2.3 million tonnes
What nations were beef exported too?
USA: 28.6%
Japan:23%
Koera: 14.8
Live exports of beef, what was the top 3 exportation nations?
Indonesia: 46.2%
Vietnam: 23.5%
China: 8.1%
Approximately how many sows are in Australia
261,000
What is happening to the average pig heard size in Australia? And why?
They are increasing as there are next to no small pig farms they have all been taken over by big farming business .
There are two main chicken industries what are they?
Broilers ( meat chickens )
• Layers
What are the types of production systems for Broilers
– Commercial/Barn
– Free range
What are the types of production systems for layers?
– Cage
– Barn
– Free Range
What age dose a chicken start laying eggs and how many eggs can 1 chicken produce in there life time
begins laying eggs at approximately 18 weeks of age and by the end of her first year, she may have produced upwards of 200 eggs - nearly 12 kg.
Broilers are harvested at what age and what is there market weight ?
Harvested at 5-9 weeks
– Females take a little longer than Males to finish
• Market Weight = 1.5 – 2.5 kg
What percentage of cattle are in QLD?
60%
Why has there been an increase in the amount of cattle located in QLD?
Introduction of Bos indicus blood lines that are better able to tolerate heat and humidity
Major changes in the dairy industry?
Major changes have been:
– increase in herd size
– change in breed to high volume producer
(Friesian)
What are the types of Intensive industries
• Piggeries • Chickens – Broilers (meat) – Layers (eggs) • Beef cattle feedlots
Intensive industries Characteristics
Not self- supporting systems, require importation of food and export of excreta
• Less prone to climatic change (potential long term effects of drought)
• Located in areas where feed sources are available
• Due to concentration of animals and therefore nutrients there is a large potential for environmental damage
What year did Australia start experimenting with beef feedlots?
1950’s
What dose DSE stand for?
Dry Sheep Equivalent
