Final exam

Question 1

Weeds have a significant impact on the farm profitability, which of the below dose not describe the direct impact of weeds on profitability?

a) reduced water available for crops
b) reduced grain quality
c) Reduced product marketing options
d) reduced organic matter input into the system

Answer 1

Reduced organic matter input into the system

Question 2

The most important role of legumes play in pasture system is to:

a) Provide variation in diet for the animal
b) improve pasture nutrition quality for the livestock
c) Fix nitrogen to supply the grass species
d) improve pasture competition with weeds

Answer 2

b) improve pasture nutrition quality for the livestock

Question 3

In general terms, what tends to be happening with global crop productivity and demand?

a) agricultural productivity tends to be plateauing in developed nations while population growth is slow
b) developing nations in areas such as Latin america and Asia have large rates of population growth but agricultural productivity has reached its potential
c) Europe and North america have the greatest potential to increase agricultural productivity
d) developing nations ten to have the ability to increase agricultural productivity and population growth is slow

Answer 3

a) agricultural productivity tends to be plateauing in developed nations while population growth is slow

Question 4

Which of the following is unlikely to assist in management of stubble born diseases?

a) controlling volunteer plants in the following season
b) rotation of crop types
c) retained stubble
d) fertilization

Answer 4

c) retained stubble

Question 5

Which of the following is unlikely to assist in management of stubble borne diseases
Select one:
a. Controlling volunteer plants in the following season
b. Rotation of crop types
c. Retained stubble
d. Fertilisation

Answer 5

C) retained stubble

Question 6

Plant industries in Australia often (but not exclusively) follow basic geographic trends. Select the correct answer:

Select one:

a. Southern areas tend to grow summer crops because their summers are mild
b. Southern areas tend to grow winter crops because rain falls in the winter
c. Northern areas tend to grow summer crops because winter is too cold
d. Northern areas tend to grow winter crops because rain falls in the winter

Answer 6

b. Southern areas tend to grow winter crops because rain falls in the winter

Question 7

Why does soil texture matter?

Select one:

a. It determines the organic matter and nutrient concentration of the soil
b. It determines how much water will be available to the plant
c. It determines how much charge the soil has and how much water it can hold
d. It determines the pH of the soil

Answer 7

c. It determines how much charge the soil has and how much water it can hold

Question 8

Identify which reason is the LEAST likely to explain why Agricultural enterprises have got bigger over time
Select one:

a. Cost-price squeeze (declining terms of trade)
b. Economies of scale- farms are more profitable if they are bigger
c. Technology reduces labour requirement
d. Corporate farms have bought up large areas as investments

Answer 8

a. Cost-price squeeze (declining terms of trade)

Question 9

Select the answer that does NOT directly influence water available to the crop.
Select one:
a. Sowing configuration (row spacing, plan density)
b. Fallow management
c. Fertiliser rates
d. Stubble retention
e. Sowing timing

Answer 9

C) fertiliser rates

Question 10

How did the introduction of freehold land titles encourage the development of the agricultural industry?

Select one:

a. It stopped drovers grazing on other people’s farms
b. Because the farmers didn’t have to pay rent, they could afford new equipment
c. It incentivised investment in farm technology and infrastructure
d. They didn’t, the agricultural industry would have developed anyway

Answer 10

c. It incentivised investment in farm technology and infrastructure

Question 11

Which management practise DOESN’T directly influence soil organic matter?
Select one:
a. Cultivation 
b. Stubble retention
c. Fertilisation practise
d. Application of lime

Answer 11

D) Application of lime

Question 12

How many stomachs does a ruminant have?
Select one:
a. 2
b. 1
c. 5
d. 3
e. 4

Answer 12

E) 4

Question 13

Which class of sheep has been in a rapid state of decline as a proportion of the overall flock for the past 30 years?
Select one:
a. Wethers
b. Ewes 
c. Lambs
d. Rams

Answer 13

A) Wethers

Question 14

What is the major market for meat from Australian cull cows and bulls?
Select one:
a. Manufacturing beef for export to USA, SE Asia and China
b. Whole carcasses for export to the middle east
c. Export to the EU
d. Meat Standards Australia
e. High quality beef for export to Japan

Answer 14

a. Manufacturing beef for export to USA, SE Asia and China

Question 15

Which of the following countries/regions is the TOP export destination for wool?
Select one:
a. Greater China 
b. US
c. Czech Republic
d. India

Answer 15

A) greater China

Question 16

What are the 3 main systems of a beef operation?
Select one:
a. Environmental systems, business systems and crossbreeding systems
b. Animal systems, soil systems and marketing systems
c. Genetics systems, data management systems and pasture systems
d. Breeding systems, marketing systems and pasture systems
e. Pasture systems, animal systems and grazing systems

Answer 16

e. Pasture systems, animal systems and grazing systems

Question 17

Which of the following countries/regions is NOT in the top 4 export destinations for Beef?
Select one:
a. Greater China
b. US
c. Indonesia
d. Japan 
e. Korea

Answer 17

D. Japan

Question 18

What proportion of cattle slaughtered in Australia come from feedlots and is the importance of feedlots increasing or decreasing?
Select one:
a. Around half of all cattle – decreasing
b. Around 1/3 of cattle - decreasing
c. Around ¼ - Increasing
d. Around 1/3 of cattle - Increasing
e. Around half of all cattle – Increasing

Answer 18

B) around 1/3 of cattle- decreasing

Question 19

Over the past 50 years, the number of piggeries is …………….. and the average herd size is …………….
Select one:
a. Decreasing, Decreasing
b. Decreasing, Not changing
c. Decreasing, Increasing 
d. Not changing, Increasing
e. Increasing, Decreasing

Answer 19

c. Decreasing, Increasing

Question 20

The palatability of feeds relate to:
Select one:
a. How much metabolisable energy is in the feed
b. The concentration of mycotoxins in the feed
c. How much the animals like it
d. The mineral content of the feed
e. How well the animal can digest the feed

Answer 20

E) how well the animal can digest the feed

Question 21

Which of the following is more important for grazing beef and sheep production systems?
Select one:
a. Price received per kilo
b. Output per unit area ie kg Beef/Ha
c. Price received per animal
d. Production per animal ie weaning weights of calves

Answer 21

b. Output per unit area ie kg Beef/Ha

Question 22

It’s expected rainfall is going to get more random (variable), so we need to manage our system by:

Select one or more:

a. Genetically changing our animals to store fat storage
b. Removing legumes from our pastures
c. Having monocultures of grasses
d. Changing our pasture species
e. Conserving fodder

Answer 22

A, d, e

Question 23

Lovering and Crabb (1998) stated “much resource degradation in Australia is now regarded as irreversible”. In this context they suggest the first principle of sustainability of an agricultural system is to:

Select one:

a. don’t worry about resource degradation
b. with increasing land degradation the long term economic viability of the farm will always increase
c. identify the continuing threats to resource degradation and encourage damage to the natural resource base
d. identify the continuing threats to resource degradation and ensure there is no more damage to the natural resource base

Answer 23

d. identify the continuing threats to resource degradation and ensure there is no more damage to the natural resource base

Question 24

There is a relationship between the legume plants that supply carbon and the rhizobium bacteria that fix nitrogen from the atmosphere which is then utilised by the legume.

Select one:
True
False

Answer 24

True

Question 25

The addition of legumes (including clover) decreases the amount nitrogen content available for the animals to graze. Select one: True False

Answer 25

False

Question 26

What is the major limitation of native grasses in the Kirby grazing system? Select one: a. long lifecycle b. short lifecycle

Answer 26

b. short lifecycle

Question 27

How can you identify a stock camp: Select one: a. Always at the middle of the slope b. Always at the bottom of the slope c. Often green with thistles

Answer 27

c. Often green with thistles

Question 28

What dose Sustain mean? a) Maintain, keep in existence b) developments that meet the needs of the present while present while safeguarding Earths life supports c) Maintain the natural environment d) safeguard the earths existence

Answer 28

a) Maintain, keep in existence

Question 29

In economics a natural resource is seen in terms of its ? a) Dollar value rather than its environmental potential b) cost over environment sustainability c) expected benefits verses costs of alternative uses and is usually on a national scale d) National scale and expected benefits

Answer 29

c) expected benefits verses costs of alternative | uses and is usually on a national scale

Question 30

What is the possible implication of views the natural environment from an economic standpoint?

Answer 30

Implications of this view is that degradation or loss of production may not always be bad as these trends may be justified in terms of economic and social outcomes.

Question 31

What dose ecological sustainability mean?

Answer 31

``` using, conserving and enhancing the communities resources so that ecological processes, on which life depends, are maintained and the total quality of life, now and in the future can be increased” ```

Question 32

Sustainability from a agricultural standpoint

Answer 32

using farming practices and systems that will maintain and enhance the viability (often defined in economic terms) of agricultural production, the natural resource base and other ecosystems that are influenced by agricultural activities. – emphasis is on maintaining or improving the resource base in the “long” term – implies non-sustainable system will be characterized by degradation of a resource and/or a decline in productivity

Question 33

Sustainability issues that need to be consider in an agricultural systems.

Answer 33

```  Soil erosion  Salinisation (increase salts)  Acidification (lower pH)  Weed and pest encroachment  Water quality and availability  Pollution and vegetation decline  Profitability  Marketing  Social benefits ```

Question 34

Estimated economic loss due to degradation of weeds? a) 0.45 billion b) 5.3 billion c) 3.9 Billion d) 2.8 billion

Answer 34

c) Weeds (impact and control costs) $3.9 | billion annually

Question 35

Estimated economic loss due to degradation of subsoil depletion? a) 0.45 billion b) 5.3 billion c) 3.9 Billion d) 2.8 billion

Answer 35

b) Subsoil depletion (2010-11) $5.3 billion

Question 36

Estimated economic loss due to degradation of land degradation? a) 0.45 billion b) 5.3 billion c) 3.9 Billion d) 2.8 billion

Answer 36

a) Land degradation $0.45 billion

Question 37

Factors determining the distribution of | agricultural enterprises

Answer 37

- Economics -Social issues - Transport/Technology - Ecology (Soils & plants)

Question 38

Sub tropical perennials a) Bromes, barley grass & medics b) Rye grass, barley grass & Poa c) Poa, Wallaby grass and Kangaroo grass d) Spear grass, wiregrass, native sorghums,

Answer 38

b) Poa, Wallaby grass and Kangaroo grass

Question 39

Temperate annuals: a) Bromes, barley grass & medics b) Rye grass, barley grass & Poa c) Poa, Wallaby grass and Kangaroo grass d) Spear grass, wiregrass, native sorghums,

Answer 39

a) Bromes, barley grass & medics

Question 40

Tropical perennials: a) Bromes, barley grass & medics b) Rye grass, barley grass & Poa c) Poa, Wallaby grass and Kangaroo grass d) Spear grass, wiregrass, native sorghums,

Answer 40

d) Spear grass, wiregrass, native sorghums, Mitchell and Flinders grass

Question 41

``` Pastoral/farming Zones • Northern Pastoral – ? • Southern Pastoral – ? • Wheat -Sheep Zone – ? • Beef -Sheep Zone – ? • Dairy Zone – ? -? ```

Answer 41

``` Northern Pastoral – summer perennials • Southern Pastoral – temperate winter annuals • Wheat -Sheep Zone – winter annuals • Beef -Sheep Zone – cool temperate perennials • Dairy Zone – introduced pasture – Better rainfall, soil and irrigation ```

Question 42

Rainfed (dryland) agriculture:

Answer 42

cropping that totally relies on rainfall. It is the dominant system in the humid and semi-humid regions; rainfall often insufficient (200 mm ‐ 500 mm) & unreliable

Question 43

Irrigated agriculture:

Answer 43

cropping relies solely or | partly on artificial water application; dominant in semi‐ arid, arid and semi‐humid regions

Question 44

• Rangeland (natural vegetation):

Answer 44

Practiced in the arid regions of the world where rainfall is ineffective and unreliable. This type of agriculture is a gamble and crops if they are grown often fail.

Question 45

How much of our space is cropped vrs grazed? a) Grazed: 399 million ha cropped: 11 million ha b) Grazed: 400 million ha cropped: 24 million ha c)Grazed: 355 million ha cropped: 25 million ha d) Grazed: 355 million ha cropped: 24 million ha

Answer 45

Grazed: 355 million ha cropped: 24 million ha

Question 46

Dry land farming systems

Answer 46

Covers ~400 million ha ‘agricultural’ lands • ~24 million ha cropping (5% cultivated land area is irrigated) • Concentrated mostly around the edges of the country

Question 47

Two of the climatic determinants of cropping

Answer 47

* Water availability (rainfall) | * Favourable temperatures

Question 48

Winter dominant rainfall (southern Australia):

Answer 48

crops tolerant of low temperatures, e.g. wheat, barley, | lupin, chickpea, faba beans, canola.

Question 49

Summer dominant rainfall:

Answer 49

greater variety of cropping options allowing summer and winter crops, e.g. maize, sorghum, cotton, mung beans, soy beans, rice, peanut, wheat, barley, chickpea, fababeans.

Question 50

Soil is a reservoir for what growth resources

Answer 50

– Water – Nutrients – Micro‐organism

Question 51

Soil degradation:

Answer 51

decline in soil quality caused by its improper use, usually for agricultural, pastoral, industrial or urban purposes (NSW DPI) Soils differ in their sensitivity to disturbance

Question 52

Major attributes of soil

Answer 52

Texture: proportion of three mineral particles (sand, silt and clay) that are differentiated based on their size • Structure: arrangement of particles into larger aggregates of different sizes and shapes • Horizon: depth and layering soil of parent material by climate and living organisms. There are 4 master horizons resulting in pore spaces between them

Question 53

``` Soil particles diameter: Gravel sand silt clay ```

Answer 53

Gravel: >2.0mm sand: 0.05- 2.0 silt: 0.002- 0.05 clay: <0.002

Question 54

``` Soil structure is the arrangement of particles of various sizes into discrete units (peds) through adhesion ```

Answer 54

- granular - platy - blocky - prismatc

Question 55

what dose soil Structure changes:

Answer 55

``` Water storage • Water/gas diffusion • Nutrient availabilities • Water infiltration • Root exploration ```

Question 56

Soil Chemistry, Sands

Answer 56

dominated by silica and produces soils that are inherently low in nutrients, low in charge

Question 57

Loam and clay soils:

Answer 57

Loam and clay soils: (e.g. basalt parent) minerals weather to release nutrients (Ca, Mg, K, P etc). Soil weathering creates negatively charged surfaces that enable it to ionicly attract cations.

Question 58

The pH (acidity or alkalinity):

Answer 58

a measure of hydrogen concentration in solution. It influences a wide range of chemical processes in soil, including nutrient availability and toxicity

Question 59

Why dose chemistry matter?

Answer 59

• Nutrient availability • Make nutrients toxic • Root exploration and plant growth

Question 60

How can soil chemistry be altered?

Answer 60

Can be altered by practice • Liming • Use of ammonium based fertilizers

Question 61

What is Soil salinity:

Answer 61

high concentrations of soluble salts in soil

Question 62

Soil salinity causes problems in soil such as

Answer 62

Poor soil structure (particularly sodicity) | Reduces water storage and water availability to the plant

Question 63

What dose salinity cause?

Answer 63

Dryland salinity, Irrigated salinity

Question 64

Cures to soil salinity

Answer 64

Cures: Manage landscape scale water use, limit saline irrigation water and plant tollerant sp.

Question 65

What are Organic matter and Biological activity an indicator of??

Answer 65

Organic matter and biological activity are indicators of system health and contribute significantly to the operation of the system.

Question 66

What dose Organic matter and biological activity changes:

Answer 66

Water storage • Soil Structure (believe it or not) • Nutrient availability

Question 67

Top 3 crops grown in Australia

Answer 67

Wheat Barley Canola

Question 68

What are the Major constraints to cropping in Aus?

Answer 68

Diseases- Plant productivity, product quality Weeds - Resource competition, product quality Pests- Plant productivity, vector for diseases

Question 69

What are weeds? and how much yield has been lost dollar amount

Answer 69

Plants growing out of place and compete for resources with cultivated crops Yield losses to farmers amounted to A$3.9 billion annually between 1997 and 2002 • Weed control is a high priority

Question 70

Weed management

Answer 70

Many herbicides available – Pre-emergent and Post-emergent (contact and systemic) – Crop competition – Cultivation – Potential for resistance – Genetically modified crops tolerant of herbicides

Question 71

What are Diseases and the groups that they fall into?

Answer 71

Diseases are disorders caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses. They can be grouped into 2: • Foliar diseases that attack the above‐ground parts of the plants (e.g. stripe rust) • Soil‐borne diseases infect roots and/or lower parts of the stems that are close to the ground

Question 72

What are the constrain in productivity for diseases?

Answer 72

They constrain productivity by: • Reducing yields (plant stress) • Reducing yield quality • Increasing cost of production

Question 73

Management techniques for diseases?

Answer 73

``` Management • Rotation (reduce inoculum levels) • Stubble management • Genetic resistance or tolerance – Evolution of pathotypes • Fungicides – Foliar – Seed treatment • Weed control (green bridge) • Cultivation/burning • Canopy management ```

Question 74

Pests and damages that they cause

Answer 74

Insects ‐ the most important (but not exclusive) • Above and below ground – Highly dependent on the crop, location and season • Can cause substantial yield losses. For instance, cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa) caterpillars can destroy an entire cotton boll. • In Australia economic cost of helicoverpa in cotton A$328 M annually in the late 1990s in Australia.

Question 75

Management techniques for pests

Answer 75

``` Management • Insecticides available – Timing of application can be important – Damage to friendlies (beneficial insects and off-site (non-targets)) – Potential for resistance ```

Question 76

Irrigated agriculture in Australia locations:

Answer 76

* Snowy Mountain Scheme * Burdekin Valley * Lower Burnett Valley * Ord River

Question 77

Irrigated agriculture aims

Answer 77

to use the smallest volume of water for maximal crop production without risking the crop or land

Question 78

Benefits to irrigation

Answer 78

Irrigation provides a farmer the capacity to control timing, frequency and amount of water supply to the crop – Helps in managing climatic risks and variability – Increases cropping options both in terms of species and variety

Question 79

Irrigated agriculture: main criteria

Answer 79

``` A reliable source of quality water • Water storage facilities (dams, tanks etc) • Pumping & conveyance • Suitable soil types • Efficient application technologies • On‐farm water management, including drainage • In‐crop water management • High value crops ```

Question 80

Irrigated agriculture: threats

Answer 80

environmental, on‐farm management, socio‐economic * Water availability (the most critical) * Water quality * Competition with other sectors, including environment * Allocation & pricing

Question 81

Water management for irrigation | •

Answer 81

``` Excessive watering • Drainage, runoffs (erosion) • Salinization of soil – Salts in irrigation water (0.5- 30 kg/m3) – Water table rise • Leaching of salts from root zone • Degradation of groundwater resources • Match water application to soil and crop needs (volume & timing) ```

Question 82

Pasture Systems types of pastures used in Aus

Answer 82

Shrublands: saltbush and bluebush in the semi‐arid regions • Native grasslands: schlerophyll sp (Mitchell grass, black spear grass, red grass and wallaby grass) in the tropics • Sown tropical grass pastures: African & South American spp (signal grass, buffel grass, stylos, twining tropical legumes,….) • Temperate high rainfall pastures: sown pastures using species from Europe (phalaris, ryegrass, clovers)on previously forested landscapes; primarily sheep and cattle production • Fertilised mixed pastures: highly fertiliy (rainfall) and highly productive; this is typified by ryegrass + clovers for diary, mostly in Victoria • Pastures in cropping lands (ley farming systems): in rotation with crops; has other benefits => improves soil, disease break

Question 83

Challenges that Pasture Systems present

Answer 83

``` Insect pests and diseases • Animal pests (e.g. rabbits) • Land degradation • Nutrition • Financial viability • Climate • Pasture establishment techniques ```

Question 84

maintaining productive pasture involve

Answer 84

``` • Seed source – obtaining quality seeds • Choice of pasture type (temperate/tropical, grass/legume, perennial/annual) • Tillage/sowing • Fertilisation • Grazing management ```

Question 85

Grazing management involves:

Answer 85

Stocking rate (trade off) • Species selection for feed gap (ryegrass -winter active, lucerne –drought resistant) – Native vs Introduced • Fodder crops (e.g. oats or sorghum) • Match animal reproductive timings for peak demand • Plant nutrition

Question 86

What are the 3 main types of grazing

Answer 86

Three main types: • Rotational grazing: livestock periodically moved between paddocks • Continuous grazing: possible where stocking rate is light. Selective grazing in mixed pastures • Strip grazing: often used for fodder crops produces high pressure short term grazing usually with portable fences

Question 87

Pasture Systems: pressures

Answer 87

- Financial pressures: • Slow rate of uptake of innovations: • ‘Limited’ native:

Question 88

How can a Pasture Systems be managed sustainability?

Answer 88

Well managed pastures can be very very sustainable: • Legume components fix nitrogen • Continuous ground cover: reduces soil degradation • Improves soil‐water storage and utilisation • Biodiversity advantages for windbreaks and corridors • Rotations: disease break, nutrient supply • Flexibility in pasture and livestock choices to better respond to changing environmental and market conditions

Question 89

What is Precision Agriculture? (Practically)

Answer 89

Practically Doing the right thing At the right TIME In the right PLACE To the right ANIMAL Relates to temporal- spacial

Question 90

What’s driving PA?

Answer 90

* Feeding the world * Efficient food, quality food & safe food water security * Preservation of environment * Increased consumer demand for knowledge

Question 91

Types of variability and an example of each type.

Answer 91

Temporal variability Variation over time (i.e. rainfall) Spatial variability Variability across an area (i.e. soil pH) Individual variability Variability between a group of animals (i.e. fleece weight)

Question 92

What is the process of PA

Answer 92

Step 1: Observation and collection of the data Step 2: data interpretation Step 3: implementation of management plan

Question 93

What dose EMI stand for?

Answer 93

Electromagnetic Induction

Question 94

EMI sensors basic info

Answer 94

The most widely used PA soil sensors are EMI sensors. • They are simple to use and can provide useful information of the underlying soil. • EMI sensors measure electromagnetic conductivity (Eca) in the soil • Fortunately, apparent soil conductivity (ECa) often correlates to important soil characteristics: • Salinity • Texture (Clay content) • Soil water content

Question 95

What Dose EMI not do?

Answer 95

EMI surveys provide information about soil conductivity, they are NOT soil maps, they are soil conductivity maps.

Question 96

How does EM work?

Answer 96

* It’s electrical induction: The sensor has a transmitting coil at one end and a receiving coil at the other end. * The transmitter emits an electromagnetic signal (primary magnetic field) which passes through the soil. * This induces a secondary magnetic field in the soil which is detected by the receiver coil

Question 97

What effects the quality of the reading on the EMI sensor

Answer 97

The strength of the signal is proportional to the soil conductivity ECa • This relates to: •ion content (salinity) •texture •moisture

Question 98

Purpose of raising livestock

Answer 98

* Produce healthy, wholesome protein sources * Produce fibre and fertilizer/waste * Manage plants/weeds * Help preserve an endangered breed or species * Make money/earn a living * Reduce your income tax by being a primary producer * Cultural reasons * “Love animals”

Question 99

When was the Dog Domesticated and why?

Answer 99

14,000 years ago and companionship

Question 100

When and Why was the Sheep Domesticated

Answer 100

When: 10,700 Years Ago Why: Milk and Clothing

Question 101

When and Why was the Goat Domesticated

Answer 101

When: 9,000 Years Ago. Why: Food, Clothing and Milk

Question 102

When and Why was the pig Domesticated

Answer 102

When: 9,000 Years Ago. Why: Food & Sport

Question 103

When and Why cattle were Domesticated

Answer 103

When: 6,500 Years Ago. Why: Religious Reasons

Question 104

When and Why Chickens were Domesticated | Also Where?

Answer 104

When: 5,500 Years Ago. Why: Food, Cockfights, Religion Where: India

Question 105

When and Why Horses were Domesticated

Answer 105

When:5,000 Years Ago. Why: Food & Transport

Question 106

After animals become domesticated, they become dependent on man why cant they be released back into the "wild"

Answer 106

* Most can’t survive in wild * Most poultry can’t fly * Most Sheep don’t shed wool * Cows produce 10,000 L milk / year * Birds produce 250 eggs / yr. (20 in wild

Question 107

What are wild animals?

Answer 107

Not genetically altered by selective breeding

Question 108

Exotic Animal:

Answer 108

* Wild animal not native to country | * Example = Deer

Question 109

Feral Animal:

Answer 109

• A domestic animal that lives in the wild with no | human assistance – wild boar

Question 110

Breed:

Answer 110

• A population of domestic animals, that the | individual may vary in genotype and phenotype

Question 111

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF CONSUMERS:

Answer 111

* Vegans * Vegetarians * Omnivores * Grillivores * Carnivores * “Enlightened meat consumers”

Question 112

Why consume meat? And what animal meat do we consume?

Answer 112

Beef, Pork, Lamb, Goat, Poultry – Most efficient way to get protein – Only way to harvest some natural resources like grass which are high in cellulose and lignin – Red meat = nutritious

Question 113

Red meat Nutritional value

Answer 113

``` 9 essential nutrients including: • Iron • Zinc • B12 • Omega- • Protein • B group vitamins Phosphorus ```

Question 114

WHAT DO MEAT CONSUMERS’ DEMAND?

Answer 114

Confidence factors • Quality- Flavour, Juiciness and tenderness • Safety- Lack of residues or hazards Ethical factors • Products produced, harvested and handled ethically • Environmental concerns - E. coli, nitrates Nutritional factors • Lean, low-fat, healthy source of protein and Bvitamins • Source of Iron, Zinc and Omega 3’s Economic factors • Reasonable purchase price, value for price

Question 115

What fibers come from animals?

Answer 115

``` Wool – major industry in Australia • Mohair • Fur • Silk • Velvet ```

Question 116

Animal Use as By-Products and examples of each type

Answer 116

• Bones - buttons, glue, fertiliser, mineral supplement for livestock feed (Calcium) • Fat - chemicals, creams, dressings, lubricants, soaps, food • Glands - medicines, food additives • Collagen - (connective tissue in joints) glue & gelatin • Intestinal & Stomach tissue - lunch meats, surgical sutures, strings for musical & sports instruments • Stomach contents - fertilizer

Question 117

Behavioural Characteristic favorable to | domestication

Answer 117

- Group Structure Large social groups, hierarchical , males in herd Sexual Behaviour Promiscuous matings, males dominant Parent-Young interactions Specific mother/young bond, precocial young Responses to man Short flight distance, not disturbed by sudden changes Herbivorous/omnivorous, environmentally adaptable, limited agility

Question 118

Bases of genetic Selection for animals | • Selection based on....

Answer 118

– Phenotype, individuality and structural soundness – Pedigree and GENETICS – Production testing ie efficiency – Reproductive capacity & resilience

Question 119

Management systems Intensive farming

Answer 119

smaller acreage, more input costs per hectare, more labor inputs, sell for higher prices, coastal regions and southern Australia

Question 120

Management systems Extensive farming

Answer 120

= larger acreage, fewer input costs, less labor, slower growth rates, rangelands of northern Australia

Question 121

examples of animals that are Monogastric and how many stomachs they have?

Answer 121

Monogastric: - examples – Pig, Dog, Human - 1 stomach

Question 122

examples of animals that have a Gizard and how dose digestion work in there body?

Answer 122

Examples: Chicken, Turkey, Duck Gizzard- is a muscular part of the chickens stomach and uses grit (small, hard particles of pebbles or sand) to grind grains and fiber into smaller, more digestible, particles.

Question 123

examples of animals that are Polygastric and how many stomachs they have?

Answer 123

– Cow, Sheep, Goat | Polygastric digestive system has a four-chambered stomach

Question 124

examples of animals that are Pseudo-ruminants and how many stomachs they have?

Answer 124

- Horse, Rabbits, Hamster, kangaroo | 3 Chamber stomach

Question 125

Gross value of key products: Livestock products: Crops: livestock slaughter:

Answer 125

Livestock products: $7398 Crops:$11,888 livestock slaughter: $18598

Question 126

What percentage of lamb and sheep meat is consumed domestically?

Answer 126

27% or 9.2 million carcasses

Question 127

What percentage of lamb and sheep meat is exported?

Answer 127

73% exported

Question 128

Is the amount of mutton exported increasing or deceasing?

Answer 128

Decreasing

Question 129

Is the amount of Lamb exported increasing or deceasing?

Answer 129

Increasing

Question 130

What are the top 3 nations that Australia exports lamb to?

Answer 130

Middle east- 24.5% US- 22% China- 19.3%

Question 131

What are the top 3 nations that Australia exports mutton to?

Answer 131

Middle east: 36.6% South east Asia: 19.3% China: 16.9%

Question 132

Wool production has decreased since what year?

Answer 132

1990

Question 133

What percentage of wool is processed locally?

Answer 133

next to none

Question 134

What percentage of wool is exported to china?

Answer 134

86%

Question 135

In 2015/16 Australia produced how much beef?

Answer 135

2.3 million tonnes

Question 136

What nations were beef exported too?

Answer 136

USA: 28.6% Japan:23% Koera: 14.8

Question 137

Live exports of beef, what was the top 3 exportation nations?

Answer 137

Indonesia: 46.2% Vietnam: 23.5% China: 8.1%

Question 138

Approximately how many sows are in Australia

Answer 138

261,000

Question 139

What is happening to the average pig heard size in Australia? And why?

Answer 139

They are increasing as there are next to no small pig farms they have all been taken over by big farming business .

Question 140

There are two main chicken industries what are they?

Answer 140

Broilers ( meat chickens ) | • Layers

Question 141

What are the types of production systems for Broilers

Answer 141

– Commercial/Barn | – Free range

Question 142

What are the types of production systems for layers?

Answer 142

– Cage – Barn – Free Range

Question 143

What age dose a chicken start laying eggs and how many eggs can 1 chicken produce in there life time

Answer 143

begins laying eggs at approximately 18 weeks of age and by the end of her first year, she may have produced upwards of 200 eggs - nearly 12 kg.

Question 144

Broilers are harvested at what age and what is there market weight ?

Answer 144

Harvested at 5-9 weeks – Females take a little longer than Males to finish • Market Weight = 1.5 – 2.5 kg

Question 145

What percentage of cattle are in QLD?

Answer 145

60%

Question 146

Why has there been an increase in the amount of cattle located in QLD?

Answer 146

Introduction of Bos indicus blood lines that are better able to tolerate heat and humidity

Question 147

Major changes in the dairy industry?

Answer 147

Major changes have been: – increase in herd size – change in breed to high volume producer (Friesian)

Question 148

What are the types of Intensive industries

Answer 148

``` • Piggeries • Chickens – Broilers (meat) – Layers (eggs) • Beef cattle feedlots ```

Question 149

Intensive industries Characteristics

Answer 149

Not self- supporting systems, require importation of food and export of excreta • Less prone to climatic change (potential long term effects of drought) • Located in areas where feed sources are available • Due to concentration of animals and therefore nutrients there is a large potential for environmental damage

Question 150

What year did Australia start experimenting with beef feedlots?

Answer 150

1950's

Question 151

What dose DSE stand for?

Answer 151

Dry Sheep Equivalent

Question 152

What is site specific management

Answer 152

“A form of PA whereby decisions on resource application and agronomic practices are improved to better match soil and crop requirements as they vary in a field”

Question 153

What are Variable Rate (VR) practices?

Answer 153

We now have machines that adjust input rates across the paddock - Seed sowing rate - Growth regulators - Fertilisers - Herbicides/Pesticides This is done through variable rate controllers

Question 154

Why use variability rate practices?

Answer 154

Save input costs • Standard technique was to apply all nitrogen “up front” • This caused several problems: • N could be lost through leaching if there was a big rainfall event. • N could be lost through denitrification during water logging. • The N rate applied may not suit all season. • Over and under fertilising areas of the paddock

Question 155

Examples of Machinery that I uses variable rate technology

Answer 155

``` Sensors which we use: • EM38 (for soils) • Greenseeker (plants) • Satellite (plants) • Yield monitors (grain/plants) • From the sensor measurements, maps of variability are created which we use to make decisions on how much to apply ```