Pre-Quiz 2 Flashcards
sagittal plane
divides the body on left and right parts; mid sagittal is an even division of the left and right halves
transverse plane
a horizontal plane which divides the body on upper and lower parts
frontal/coronal plane
divides the body anteriorly and posteriorly
a view of a brain from the top looking down is called
a rostral view or vertex
what is the major relay station for information coming into the cerebral cortex, mediating sensation, motor activities,cortical arousal, learning, and memory
thalamus
what is the main visceral control center of the body and is vitally important to overall body homeostasis; regulates reproduction, libido, temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, hunger, and thirst, amonst other things
hypothalamus
which brain structure controls one’s sleep-wake cycle by the production/secretion of melatonin
pineal gland
what structure in the brain is responsible for the emotional aspect of smell
habenular nuclei
what brain structure controls automatic adjustments of movements
subthalamus
what brain structure consists of the pineal gland, which secretes melatonin, and the habenular nuclei
epithalamus
what brain structure controls autonomic movement, skilled movement, and maintenance of equillibrium
cerebellum
which four structures are included in the diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus
what is the largest part of the brain
cerebrum
commissures
connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
*the major commissure is the corpus callosum
associations
connect neurons within the same hemisphere
projections
connect cerebral neurons with the spinal cord
what are the five lobes of each cerebral hemisphere
frontal lobe, parital lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, and insula
list major fissures and sulci of the cerebrum, and state which parts of the brain each of them divides
- longitudinal fissure: separates the cerebral hemispheres
- transverse cerebral fissure: separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum below
- central sulcus: separates the frontal and parietal lobes
- parieto-occipital sulcus: separates the occipital and parietal lobes
- lateral sulcus: separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes
what is the term for each folding of the cerebral cortex
gyrus, or gyri, which are elevated ridges of tissue pertaining to the cerebral cortex
describe the waves of the brain
- alpha waves: 8-13 Hz, present in normal, awake adults at rest; disappears when sleeping
- beta waves: 14-30 Hz, present in awake adults when active
- theta waves: 4-7 Hz, present in children and in normal adults with emotional distress, and in other abnormal states
- delta waves: 1-5Hz, present in awake infants, in adults during deep sleep, and in pathological conditions
sensory areas of the cerebral cortex are responsible for:
receiving and interpreting sensory impulses
motor areas of the cerebral cortex are responsible for:
initiating movement
association areas of the cerebral cortex are responsible for:
more complex functions such as: memory, emotions, judgement, personality, and intelligence
secondary areas of the cerebral cortex are responsible for:
receiving impulses from the primary and association areas to further analyze information
in relation to the location of the central sulci, where generally will we find sensory areas and motor areas
sensory areas are mainly situated posterior to the central sulci; motor areas are mainly situated anterior to the central sulci
what is the general function/location of the primary motor area & what broadmann area is it?
(brodmann area #4)
allows us to consciously control the precise or skilled voluntary movements of our skeletal muscles
located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of each hemisphere
what is the general function/location of the premotor area & what broadmann area is it?
(broadmann area #6)
this region helps plan movements; it selects and sequences basic motor movements into more complex tasks, such as playing a musical instrument or typing.
Located just anterior to the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe
what is the general function/location of the frontal eye field area & what broadmann area is it?
(broadmann area #8)
controls voluntary movement of the eyes
located partially in and anterior to the premotor cortex and superior to Broca’s area
what is the general function/location of broca’s speech area & what broadmann area is it?
(broadmann area #44 & 45)
it is the special motor speech area that directs the muscles involved in one’s ability to articulate, plan and produce speech.
located anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area
what is the general function/location of the primary somatosensory area & what broadmann area is it?
(broadmann area #1, 2, & 3)
receive information from the general (somatic) sensory receptors in order to identify pain, light touch, discriminitive touch, proprioception, and vibrations
Located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, just posterior to the primary motor coretx
what is the general function/location of the somatosensory association area & what broadmann area is it?
(broadmann area #5 & 7)
integrates sensory inputs (temperature, pressure, etc) relayed to it via the primary somatosensory cortex to produce an understanding of an object being felt: its size, texture, and the relationship of its parts
located just posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex
what is the general function/location of the primary auditory area & what broadmann area is it?
(broadmann area # 41 & 42)
sound energy is transmitted here where it is interpreted as pitch, loudness, and location
located in the superior margin of the temporal lobe abutting the lateral sulcus
what is the general function/location of the auditory association area & what broadmann area is it?
(broadmann area # 22)
permits the perception of the sound stimulus which we hear as spech, a scream, music, thunder, etc. Memories of sounds heard in the past appear to be stored here for reference.
Located posterior to the primary auditory area
*Wernicke’s area includes parts of the auditory coretx
what is the general function/location of the primary gustatory area & what broadmann area is it?
(broadmann area #43)
it is the region involved in percieving taste stimuli
located in the insula just deep to the temporal lobe
what is the general function/location of the wenicke’s area & what broadmann area is it?
(broadmann area # 39, 40, 22)
involved in the understanding of written and spoken language
located in the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant cerebral hemisphere
non-fluent aphasia
due to broca’s area injury (motor): inability to form words, to articulate. Patients know what they want to say but can’t say it
fluent aphasia
due to damage of wernicke’s area (integrated with auditory association areas). Faulty understanding of spoken and written language. Patients can speak but produce words without meaning.
the left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for
spoken/written language, mathematical skills, logic and reasoning
the right hemisphere of the brain is responsible for
musical and artistic skills, spatial pattern perception, insight, and imagination
what cerebral hemisphere is dominant in most humans?
the left, about 75% of people
the three nuclei of the basal ganglia (basal nuclei) system we discussed in class are located within the \_\_\_\_\_ part of each cerebral hemisphere. List these three nuclei
Lateral
- Globus Pallidus (pale ball or globe): closer to the thalamus - regulates muscle tone for specific body movements
- Putamen (shell): more lateral next to the globus pallidus - controls body automatic movement
- Caudate Nucleus (tail-shaped): with the head, body and tail - controls eye movements
what are the three major functions of basal ganglia (basal nuclei system)
- control/help in initiation and termination of movements.
- control of sunconscious contractions of skeletal muscles; ex: swinging when walking, smiling when joyful
- control of initiation/termination of some cognitive processes; ex: attention, memory, planning, emotional behavor
Describe the topographic location of the limbic system relevant to the thalamus and basal nuclei
The inner most medial structure shows the left and right thalamus, surrounded by the basal ganglion. The limbic system is located lateral to those structures and is located inside each hemisphere.
What is the functional significance of the limbic system?
What are the major nuclei of the limbic system we discussed in class?
Producing emotional aspects of behavior and storing/transforming new memories (moving ideas, feelings, sensations from the short-term to long-term memory)
Major nuclei of the limbic system is the amygdala, which is responsible for storage of emotional responses: sex and food
describe the three major parts of the brainstem from the rostral to caudal directions
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata
what structure divides the brainstem on anterior and posterior parts?
the cerebral aqueduct, which is the pathway for cerebro-spinal fluid or CSF from 3rd to 4th ventricle
what is the posterior part of the midbrain called what what structures are found here
it is called the TECTUM (roof), which consists of superior and inferior colliculi (little hills)
what structures are found in the anterior part of the midbrain
cerebral peduncles (little feet)
what is the function of the cerebral colliculi
Superior colliculi: reflex centers for vision (eye tracking of moving objects; eye scanning of stationary images/reading); adjustment of the pupil size and lens shape; reflexes of a corresponding eye, head, and neck movement
Inferior colliculi: part of the auditory pathway/tract; originate and control reflex for sudden head/body movement, when one is startled or surprised.
what is the functino of the cerebral peduncles
they support/hold the hemispheres like two pillars; tracts which connect cerebrum with the pons, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord; at the base of each peduncle is a dark stripe of nuclei (substantia nigra); functional part of the basal ganglia system
Of the structures found within the midbrain, what is the function of the reticular formation?
- reticular formation: extends from the upper part of the spinal cord to the diencephalon via the brain stem; has both sensory and motor parts; is important in the maintenance of consciousness, awakening from sleep, autonomic reflexes: heart rate, blood pressure; probably involved in pain relief as well.
what two pairs of bulges (little hills) comprise the posterior part of the midbrain? What are their functions?
- superior colliculi: reflex centers for vision (eye tracking of moving objects; eye scanning of stationary images/reading); adjusts pupil size and lens shape; reflexes of a corresponding eye, head and neck movement
- inferior colliculi: part of auditory pathway/tract. Originate and control reflex for sudden head/body movement when one is startled/surprised.
what is the major functional significance of substantia nigra? What associative or inter-neurons are situation within this structure? How do they assist automatic movement adjustment?
The substantia nigra is responsible for automatic movements and adjustments. It is the dark area in the cerebral peduncle of the midbrain, which is very rich in dopamine (balancing movement) and is the middle man between acetocholine and gaba (inhibit movment).
what cranial nerves originate within the midbrain, and what are their corresponding functions
Cranial nerve III - Oculomotor nerve; opens upper eyelids, moves eye in many directions, changes size in pupil,and accomodates lens shape for near vision
Cranial nerve IV - Trochlear nerve - “pulley”; rotates eye toward the nose and down (in and down, as if you have to look from your left to your roght foot); utilizes superior oblique eye muscles.
Describe the development of Parkinson’s disease and what are the cooresponding signs of this condition
Parkinson’s disease develops when dopamine is not correctly being produced by one’s brain
Movement becomes slow and rigid, range of motion is defieicnt, and they are shaking at rest
Of the structures found within the midbrain, what is the function of the grey matter?
It is a neuron cluster surrounding cerebral aqueduct; a part of the reticular formation; a “grand central” of all sensory and motor tracts along the brainstem; important in pain perception and pain modulation.
Of the structures found within the midbrain, what is the function of the red nuclei?
(red b.c. is saturated with iron); Receive axons from the cerebellum and cerebrum; coordinate muscle movement along with basal ganglia system
Of the structures found within the midbrain, what is the function of the substantia nigra?
Dark area in cerebral peduncle; contains abundance of melanin and is very rich in dopamine
what is the function of the anterior thalamic nuclei
responsible for emotions, memory, and alertness
what is the function of the lateral geniculate thalamic nuclei
“knee shaped,” relay for visual impulses
what is the function of the medial geniculate thalamic nuclei
relay for auditory impulses
which major hypothalamic nuclei secretes ADH (anti-diuretic hormone), and what is the path of this secretion?
Supraoptic nucleus
Secretes ADH —>via axons —>posterior pituitary —>via vessels —>hypophyseal portal system—> into the blood circulation —>kidney —>water conservation
what is the stimulus for the supraoptic nucleus
an increase in the blood osmolarity
which major hypothalamic nuclei secretes oxytocin & what is this hormone’s function
Paraventricular nucleus
Oxytocin is needed as per contraction of the uterine muscle to expel a product of conception; for contraction of smooth muscle of the breast milk ducts during breast feeding
Probably plays a role in sexual drive and caring for offspring
