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Fall 2013 / Anatomy 3 > post midterm_quiz 3 > Flashcards

post midterm_quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is retrograde degeneration?

A

When an axon is severed, the degeneration spreads proximally toward the cell body (soma).
(retro-to)

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1
Q

What is the Cauda Equina?

A

“horse”s tail”. composed of nerves exiting the vertebral column below the level of L2.

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2
Q

What is Wallerian degeneration?

A

Disintegration happens in a distal direction–toward the synaptic plate
(waller-away)

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4
Q

What is the Filum Terminal?

A
  • Terminal filament. It’s an extension of the pia mater: anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx.
  • spinal cord terminates here at L2
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4
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

Begins: within the foramen magnum
Ends: Intervertebral disk L1-L2

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5
Q

What are denticulate ligaments?

A

“tooth-shaped”. Extensions of the PIA MATER. They suspend and stabilize the spinal cord within the vertebral column.

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6
Q

How long and wide is the spinal cord in an adult?

A

45 cm long

2 cm major diameter

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7
Q

What is the spinal cord covered and protected by?

A

vertebral bones
meninges
CSF

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8
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

name the segments.

A 
31 pairs
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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9
Q

How are spinal nerves formed?

A

by fusion of posterior/ dorsal and anterior/ventral roots.

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10
Q

What is the swelling called of each posterior root of the spinal nerves?

A

dorsal root ganglion

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11
Q

What does each dorsal root ganglion house?

A

cell bodies of sensory neurons (first order sensory neurons)

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12
Q

What does each dorsal root represent?

A

Axons of sensory neurons

–somatic and visceral afferents

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13
Q

What does each ventral root represent?

A

Axons of motor neurons

–somatic and visceral

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14
Q

What do spinal nerves occupy?

A

Intervertebral foremina

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15
Q

Where do spinal nerves emerge?

A

First 7 emerge above corresponding vertebrae
8th nerve emerges in between C7 and T1
The rest emerge below the corresponding vertebrae

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16
Q

When spinal nerves emerge from the foramina, what do they divide and split into?

A

posterior/dorsal rami, and anterior/ventral rami

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17
Q

What do anterior rami represent?

A
  • roots of peripheral nerves

- they make a network of PERIPHERAL nerve plexi

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18
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles located?

A

One in each cerebral hemisphere. Separated by transparent SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM.

19
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle located?

A

Between the two thalami.

20
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle?

A

Between the cerebellum and brain stem, and the pons and medulla oblongata.

21
Q

What is the origin of the brain’s arterial circulation?

A

Pair of Internal carotid arteries

Pair of Vertebral arteries

22
Q

How much oxygen does the brain need from systemic circulation?

A

20%

23
Q

How is CSF produced?

A

By plasma filtration through the ependymal cell layer of the choroid plexus.

24
Q

Where and what is the choroid plexus?

A

Within lateral and 3rd ventricles.

It is a vascular network of blood capillaries.

25
Q

Describe the circulation of CSF.

A
  • CSF is produced by plasma filtration through the ependymal cell layer of the ventricular choroid plexus in LATERAL VENTRICLES.
  • THIRD VENTRICLE receives CSF through foreman of MONRO (inter ventricular foremina)
  • passes through cerebral aqueduct to FOURTH VENTRICLE.
  • CSF enters SUBARACHNOID SPACE thru two lateral foremina (Luschka) and one middle foreman (magendie)
  • CSF now circulates around brain and spinal chord in SUBARACHNOID SPACE.
  • ARACHNOID GRANULATIONS of subarachnoid space deliver CSF to SAGITTAL DURAL SINUSES, it is then returned to venous circulation.
26
Q

What kind of cells are the choroid plexuses covered by?

A

Ependymal cells that form CSF from blood plasma filtration and secretion. They have tight junctions that prevent harmful substances to enter CSF. BLOOD CEREBRAL FLUID BARRIER.

27
Q

What are the subclavian arteries, and what originates from them?

A

They are branches of the bracio-cephalic trunk of the aorta, and the internal carotid and vertebral arteries come from them.

28
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

occipital lobe (vision)
partially the cerebellum (equilibrium)
supplies visual areas

29
Q

What does anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

TOP of brain.

affects LOWER body.

30
Q

What does middle cerebral artery supply?

A

lateral aspects of brain
affects upper part of body, head
left MCA–right hand
right MCA–left hand

31
Q

Between which two meninges does CSF circulate?

A

In the subarachnoid space, between the arachnoid and the pia mater.

32
Q

Name the meninges.

A

Dura Mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

33
Q

What is the largest vein in the brain?

A

The superior sagittal sinus.

34
Q

Describe the order of meninges, and corresponding spaces–outer to inner.

A 
Epidural space (meningeal arteries) Superior sagittal sinus here too?
Dura mater
Subdural space (bridging veins)
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space (CSF circulates)
Pia Mater
35
Q

What are the extensions of the Dura Mater that separate parts of the brain?

A 
Falx cerebri (cerebrum)
Falk cerebelli (cerebellum)
Tentorium cerebellum (cerebrum from cerebellum)
36
Q

What structures pass through the cavernous sinus?

A
  • Internal carotid artery

- oculomotor group of cranial nerves (3,4,6)

37
Q

Dural sinuses–flow of deoxygenated blood

A 
superior sagittal
inferior sagittal
straight
confluence of sinuses
transverse pair: run by each ear,  
cavernous pair: receives blood from each eye.
sigmoid pair
internal jugular vein to RIGHT HEART. fini!
38
Q

What are the major arteries of the circle of willis?

A 
Two vertebral
Basilar
Posterior cerebral arteries (PCA)
Posterior communicating artery
Internal carotid arteries
Middle cerebral arteries (MCA)
Anterior cerebral arteries (ACA)
Anterior communicating artery
39
Q

Where does CNS and PNS originate from?

A

The ectoderm of the embryonic neural disc plate.

40
Q

What are the anterior rami?

A

They are the roots for the PERIPHERAL network (plexi) of spinal nerves.

41
Q

posterior rami

A

enervate the erector spine muscle, fascia, skin

42
Q

what are the three orders of sensory nerves?

A
  1. posterior root ganglia
  2. grey matter, butterfly horn, posterior horn ???
  3. thalamus
43
Q

ventral roots

A

motor-come out of spinal cord to tissues

GOING OUT

44
Q

dorsal roots

A

posterior root ganglion. a swelling in dorsal root.
COMING IN
sensory (afferent/ascending) roots.
holding axons of sensory neurons

Fall 2013 / Anatomy 3 (17 decks)

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