Pre-practical cardiovascular anatomy

Question 1

Describe the structure and contents of the mediastinum

Answer 1

• The mediastinum lies between the right and left pleurae. It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and contains all the thoracic organs except the lungs.
• It is divided into two parts: a superior part and an inferior part.
• The inferior part is subdivided into three regions all relative to the pericardium: The anterior mediastinum is in front of the pericardium. The middle mediastinum contains the pericardium and its contents. The posterior mediastinum is behind the pericardium.

Question 2

What are the main contents of the anterior mediastinum?

Answer 2

Inferior thymus (more so in kids)
Sternopericardial ligaments
Lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
Branches of internal thoracic vessels
Fat

Question 3

Describe the surface anatomy of the heart

Answer 3

lies opposite middle 4 thoracic vertebrae (T5-8) in recumbent position

Question 4

Describe surface anatomy of the apex of the heart

Answer 4

5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line= left ventricle

Question 5

Describe the base of the heart

Answer 5

Wholly posterior = left atrium

Question 6

To which side of the aorta do the inferior and superior vena cava lie?

Answer 6

Right

Question 7

Where does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

Answer 7

Lateral border of 1st rib

Question 8

Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

Answer 8

The inferior border of teres major m.

Question 9

Where does the brachial artery divide into the radial and ulnar artery?

Answer 9

Cubital fossa (triangular area of elbow pit)

Question 10

On which sides of the arm do the cephalic and basilic veins travel?

Answer 10

Cephalic - lateral

Basilic - medial

Question 11

What connects the cephalic and basilica vein, and where?

Answer 11

Median cubital at the cubital fossa (triangular area of elbow pit)

Question 12

What arteries arise after the branching of the descending aorta at the pubis?

Answer 12

First branches of as the iliac, which extends into the common femoral arteries.

Question 13

What happens to the common femoral arteries as they descend into the lower limb?

Answer 13

Branch into superficial and deep femoral arteries

Question 14

Which bifurcation of the femoral artery continues to branch, while the other merely perfuses local area?

Answer 14

Superficial artery branches again into the popliteal artery at the popliteal fossa
Deep femoral stops

Question 15

What does the popliteal artery bifurcate into?

Answer 15

Anterior and posterior tibial arteries

Question 16

What branches of the anterior tibial artery?

Answer 16

Continues down to the anterior of the dorm of the foot where it becomes the dorsalis pedis between 1st and 2nd toes

Question 17

What branches of the posterior tibial artery?

Answer 17

Fibular artery, which continues medially down the inside and bottom of the foot

Question 18

Name two superficial veins of the lower limbs

Answer 18

Long saphenous

Short saphenous

Question 19

What does the long saphenous vein drain into?

Answer 19

Travels up back of leg medially and drains into the femoral vein

Question 20

What does the short saphenous vein drain into?

Answer 20

Travels up the limb posteriorly to drain into the popliteal vein, which drains into the femoral vein proximally

Question 21

What arteries cause the superficial temporal and facial pulses?

Answer 21

External carotid arteries

Question 22

What arteries cause the carotid pulse?

Answer 22

Common carotid artery, branch of aorta

Question 23

How many pericardial layers are there?

Answer 23

2: fibrous and serous layer

Question 24

In which chamber of the heart is the fossa ovalis found in?

Answer 24

Right atrium

Question 25

In which chamber of the heart is the muscle pectinati found in?

Answer 25

Right atrium

Question 26

Where is the tricuspid valve?

Answer 26

Between right atrium and right ventricle

Question 27

Where is the mitral/bicuspid valve located?

Answer 27

Between left atrium and left ventricle

Question 28

Which chamber of the heart forms the base of the heart?

Answer 28

Left atrium

Question 29

Which chamber of the heart forms the apex of the heart?

Answer 29

Left ventricle

Question 30

How many papillary muscles are found in the right ventricle?

Answer 30

3 (NB tricuspid valve)

Question 31

How many papillary muscles are found int he left ventricle?

Answer 31

2 (NB bicuspid/mitral valve)

Question 32

From which sinus of the ascending aorta does the right coronary artery arise from?

Answer 32

Right aortic sinus

Question 33

Where does the right coronary artery run on the heart?

Answer 33

Runs in coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus

Question 34

What vessels branch of the right coronary artery and where?

Answer 34

o At inferior margin of heart RCA gives off right marginal artery o On posterior surface of heart RCA gives off posterior descending artery

Question 35

From which sinus of the ascending aorta does the left coronary artery arise from?

Answer 35

Arises from left aortic sinus of ascending aorta

Question 36

Where does the left coronary artery run on the heart?

Answer 36

Runs in coronary sulcus

Question 37

What vessels branch of the left coronary artery and where?

Answer 37

Divides almost immediately into left anterior descending artery (in interventricular sulcus) and circumflex artery

Question 38

Where does the great cardiac vein lie?

Answer 38

Great cardiac vein lies alongside anterior interventricular artery

Question 39

Where does the middle cardiac vein lie?

Answer 39

Middle cardiac vein lies alongside posterior interventricular artery

Question 40

Where does the small cardiac vein lie?

Answer 40

Small cardiac vein lies alongside right marginal artery

Question 41

Where do all the veins of the heart drain?

Answer 41

All of the above drain into the coronary sinus lying alongside the circumflex artery, which drains into the right atrium. The anterior cardiac veins drain directly into the atrium

Question 42

What are the main contents of the superior mediastinum?

Answer 42

``` SVC Brachiocephalic veins Arch of the aorta Oesophagus Trachea Thymus Vagus nerves Left recurrent laryngeal nerve Phrenic nerves Thoracic duct ```

Question 43

What are the main contents of the middle mediastinum?

Answer 43

``` Pericardium, containing the heart Ascending aorta Pulmonary trunk SVC Arch of azygos vein Main bronchi ```

Question 44

What are the main contents of the posterior mediastinum?

Answer 44

``` Oesophagus Thoracic (descending) aorta Azygos and hemi-azygos vein Thoracic duct Vagus nerves Sympathetic trunk Splanchnic nerves ```

Question 45

What makes up the base of the heart?

Answer 45

Left atrium (posterior)

Question 46

What makes up the apex of the heart?

Answer 46

Left ventricle

Question 47

What makes up the right border of the heart?

Answer 47

SVC and right atrium

Question 48

What makes up the left border of the heart?

Answer 48

Aortic arch and left ventricle

Question 49

What makes up the anterior surface of the heart?

Answer 49

Right atrium (1/4), Right ventricle (2/4) and Left ventricle (1/4)

Question 50

What vessel is responsible for the dorsalis pedis?

Answer 50

Continuation of anterior tibial artery

Question 51

What does the phrenic nerve innervate?

Answer 51

Fibrous pericardium and parietal layer of serous pericardium

Question 52

Which nerve is responsible for pain sensation in the heart?

Answer 52

Phrenic nerve

Question 53

What does the Vagus nerve innervate?

Answer 53

Heart and visceral layer of serous pericardium

Question 54

What does the sympathetic fibres innervate in the heart?

Answer 54

Heart and visceral layer of serous pericardium

Question 55

Which sympathetic fibres innervate the heart?

Answer 55

Cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia

Question 56

Give some examples of muscular arteries

Answer 56

``` Brachial Radial Femoral Posterior tibial Coronary ```

Question 57

Give some examples of elastic arteries

Answer 57

Aorta | Pulmonary trunk