Pre-practical cardiovascular anatomy Flashcards
Describe the structure and contents of the mediastinum
- The mediastinum lies between the right and left pleurae. It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and contains all the thoracic organs except the lungs.
- It is divided into two parts: a superior part and an inferior part.
- The inferior part is subdivided into three regions all relative to the pericardium: The anterior mediastinum is in front of the pericardium. The middle mediastinum contains the pericardium and its contents. The posterior mediastinum is behind the pericardium.
What are the main contents of the anterior mediastinum?
Inferior thymus (more so in kids) Sternopericardial ligaments Lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels Branches of internal thoracic vessels Fat
Describe the surface anatomy of the heart
lies opposite middle 4 thoracic vertebrae (T5-8) in recumbent position
Describe surface anatomy of the apex of the heart
5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line= left ventricle
Describe the base of the heart
Wholly posterior = left atrium
To which side of the aorta do the inferior and superior vena cava lie?
Right
Where does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?
Lateral border of 1st rib
Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
The inferior border of teres major m.
Where does the brachial artery divide into the radial and ulnar artery?
Cubital fossa (triangular area of elbow pit)
On which sides of the arm do the cephalic and basilic veins travel?
Cephalic - lateral
Basilic - medial
What connects the cephalic and basilica vein, and where?
Median cubital at the cubital fossa (triangular area of elbow pit)
What arteries arise after the branching of the descending aorta at the pubis?
First branches of as the iliac, which extends into the common femoral arteries.
What happens to the common femoral arteries as they descend into the lower limb?
Branch into superficial and deep femoral arteries
Which bifurcation of the femoral artery continues to branch, while the other merely perfuses local area?
Superficial artery branches again into the popliteal artery at the popliteal fossa
Deep femoral stops
What does the popliteal artery bifurcate into?
Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
What branches of the anterior tibial artery?
Continues down to the anterior of the dorm of the foot where it becomes the dorsalis pedis between 1st and 2nd toes
What branches of the posterior tibial artery?
Fibular artery, which continues medially down the inside and bottom of the foot
Name two superficial veins of the lower limbs
Long saphenous
Short saphenous
What does the long saphenous vein drain into?
Travels up back of leg medially and drains into the femoral vein
What does the short saphenous vein drain into?
Travels up the limb posteriorly to drain into the popliteal vein, which drains into the femoral vein proximally
What arteries cause the superficial temporal and facial pulses?
External carotid arteries
What arteries cause the carotid pulse?
Common carotid artery, branch of aorta
How many pericardial layers are there?
2: fibrous and serous layer
In which chamber of the heart is the fossa ovalis found in?
Right atrium
In which chamber of the heart is the muscle pectinati found in?
Right atrium
Where is the tricuspid valve?
Between right atrium and right ventricle
Where is the mitral/bicuspid valve located?
Between left atrium and left ventricle
Which chamber of the heart forms the base of the heart?
Left atrium
Which chamber of the heart forms the apex of the heart?
Left ventricle
How many papillary muscles are found in the right ventricle?
3 (NB tricuspid valve)
How many papillary muscles are found int he left ventricle?
2 (NB bicuspid/mitral valve)
From which sinus of the ascending aorta does the right coronary artery arise from?
Right aortic sinus
Where does the right coronary artery run on the heart?
Runs in coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus
What vessels branch of the right coronary artery and where?
o At inferior margin of heart RCA gives off right marginal artery
o On posterior surface of heart RCA gives off posterior descending artery
From which sinus of the ascending aorta does the left coronary artery arise from?
Arises from left aortic sinus of ascending aorta
Where does the left coronary artery run on the heart?
Runs in coronary sulcus
What vessels branch of the left coronary artery and where?
Divides almost immediately into left anterior descending artery (in interventricular sulcus) and circumflex artery
Where does the great cardiac vein lie?
Great cardiac vein lies alongside anterior interventricular artery
Where does the middle cardiac vein lie?
Middle cardiac vein lies alongside posterior interventricular artery
Where does the small cardiac vein lie?
Small cardiac vein lies alongside right marginal artery
Where do all the veins of the heart drain?
All of the above drain into the coronary sinus lying alongside the circumflex artery, which drains into the right atrium.
The anterior cardiac veins drain directly into the atrium
What are the main contents of the superior mediastinum?
SVC Brachiocephalic veins Arch of the aorta Oesophagus Trachea Thymus Vagus nerves Left recurrent laryngeal nerve Phrenic nerves Thoracic duct
What are the main contents of the middle mediastinum?
Pericardium, containing the heart Ascending aorta Pulmonary trunk SVC Arch of azygos vein Main bronchi
What are the main contents of the posterior mediastinum?
Oesophagus Thoracic (descending) aorta Azygos and hemi-azygos vein Thoracic duct Vagus nerves Sympathetic trunk Splanchnic nerves
What makes up the base of the heart?
Left atrium (posterior)
What makes up the apex of the heart?
Left ventricle
What makes up the right border of the heart?
SVC and right atrium
What makes up the left border of the heart?
Aortic arch and left ventricle
What makes up the anterior surface of the heart?
Right atrium (1/4), Right ventricle (2/4) and Left ventricle (1/4)
What vessel is responsible for the dorsalis pedis?
Continuation of anterior tibial artery
What does the phrenic nerve innervate?
Fibrous pericardium and parietal layer of serous pericardium
Which nerve is responsible for pain sensation in the heart?
Phrenic nerve
What does the Vagus nerve innervate?
Heart and visceral layer of serous pericardium
What does the sympathetic fibres innervate in the heart?
Heart and visceral layer of serous pericardium
Which sympathetic fibres innervate the heart?
Cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia
Give some examples of muscular arteries
Brachial Radial Femoral Posterior tibial Coronary
Give some examples of elastic arteries
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
