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Cardiovascular system 16/17 > Embryology of the cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Embryology of the cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What tissue forms the circulatory system?

A

Lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm

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2
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm spit into?

A

Somatic mesoderm - forms body wall structures e.g. bone, muscle
Splanchnic mesoderm - forms organs

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3
Q

When do the angioblastic cords first appear in the cardiogenic mesoderm?

A

3rd week of development

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4
Q

What tissue make up the two layers of the pericardium?

A

Parietal layer of serous and fibrous pericardium = somatic mesoderm

Visceral layer of serous pericardium = splanchnic mesoderm

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5
Q

What makes up the caudal end of the fused primitive heart tube?

A

Sinus venosus

Atrium

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6
Q

What makes up the cranial end of the fused primitive heart tube?

A

Ventricle
Bulbus cordis
Truncus arteriosus

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7
Q

What vein is responsible for the yolk sac?

A

Vitelline vein

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8
Q

What vein is responsible for the placenta?

A

Umbilical vein

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9
Q

What vein is responsible for the body of the embryo?

A

Common cardinal vein

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10
Q

How many pairs of aortic arches are there from the trunks arteriosus?

A

6 pairs

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11
Q

How does looping occur with the primitive heart tube?

A

Bulbus cordis and ventricle grow faster than other regions, growing heavy and pulling these down to form a U-shaped bulboventricular loop

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12
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

Heart loops to the LEFT instead of the right, thus the heart lies to the right side of the body

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13
Q

What is the most common position abnormality of the heart?

A

Dextrocardia

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14
Q

When does partitioning of the primordial heart occur?

A

27th-37th days of embryonic development

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15
Q

What does endocardial cushion formation cause?

A

Separation of the right and left atrioventricular openings

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16
Q

What does septum formation cause?

A

Separates right atrium from left atrium and right ventricle from left ventricle

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17
Q

When does the septum primum develop?

A

End of 4th week, forming the foramen primum between the septum primum and the endocardial cushion

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18
Q

What leads to the development of the formamen secondum?

A

Apoptosis induced perforation of the septum primum causes part of it to break off and float towards the endocardial cushion, forming two foramen either side, before the fragment eventually fuses to the cushion, leaving the foramen secondum

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19
Q

To which side of the septum primum does the septum secondum develop?

A

Right

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20
Q

When does the septum secondum develop?

A

5th and 6th week of development

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21
Q

Describe the formation of the foramen ovale

A

Septum secondum grows and slightly overlaps septum primum, but leaves a incomplete partition allowing the flow of blood from the right atrium to the left atrium in the embryo

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22
Q

What causes the foramen ovale to close and form the fossa ovalis after birth?

A

Increased pulmonary blood flow and shift of pressure to the left atrium

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23
Q

What condition is associated with the non-closure of the foramen ovalis?

A

Atrial septal defect (ASD), “hole in the heart”

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24
Q

Describe the 4 main clinically significant types of ASD

A

Foramen secondum defect
Endocardial cushion + septum primum defect
Sinus venous defect
Common atrium

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25
Q

What are the two most common types of ASD

A

Foramen secondum defect

Endocardial cushion + septum primum defect

26
Q

Why are females more prone to ASD?

A

Tend to develop more quickly, meaning more likely for mistakes to occur

27
Q

Describe the partitioning of the bulbs corgis and trunks arteriosus

A

5th week
Neural crests in walls of both proliferate
Ridges form between each
These undergo 180 degree spiralling to form the aorticopulmonary (conotruncal) septum

28
Q

Describe the separation of the primordial ventricles

A

Muscular ventricular septum forms
Interventricular foramen left
Aorticopulmonary septum forms and fuses with the muscular ventricular septum, closing the interventricular septum
Endocardial cushion grows and separates the atria from the ventricles

29
Q

What is the most common type of congenital heart disease?

A

Ventricular septal defect (25% of cases)

30
Q

What is the cause of cot death or sudden infant death syndrome?

A

Abnormalities of the conduction system of the heart

31
Q

What primordial heart tubes makes up the right atrium?

A

Sinus venosus

32
Q

What part of the adult heart is made up from the primitive atrium?

A

Parts of the left and right atrium

33
Q

What primordial heart tubes makes up the left ventricle?

A

Primitive ventricle

34
Q

What primordial heart tubes makes up the right ventricle?

A

Bulbus cordis

35
Q

Name some common causes of congenital heart disease

A 
Rubella infection in pregnancy (PDA)
Maternal alcohol abuse (septal defects)
Drug use and radiation
Genetic
Chromosomal
36
Q

What is a common cause of cyanotic disease in newborns?

A

Transposition of the great vessels, usually associated with ASD and VSD

37
Q

What 4 defects make up tetralogy of fallot?

A

Pulmonary stenosis
VSD
Dextroposition of the aorta
Right ventricular hypertrophy

38
Q

What are some signs of tetralogy of fallot?

A 
Blue
Tet spells
Murmur
Finger clubbing
Tire during breastfeeding
39
Q

Whats the difference between vasculogenesis and angiogenesis?

A

V - formation of new network of vessels

A - growth of new vessels from existing blood vessels

40
Q

What are the first arteries to appear in the embryo?

A

Right and left aortae

41
Q

Whats the fate of the 1st and 2nd aortic arch?

A

Maxillary arteries (1st), 2nd disappears

42
Q

What is the fate of the 3rd aortic arch?

A

common and internal carotid artery (and therefore the carotid arch)

43
Q

What is the fate of the 4th aortic arch?

A

Left side - arch of aorta

Right side - right subclavian artery

44
Q

What is the fate of the 5th aortic arch?

A

Never forms completely and regresses

45
Q

What is the fate of the 6th aortic arch?

A

Right pulmonary artery from proximal right arch

Left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus from left arch

46
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A

Blood vessels that connects the pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta, which normally closes to form the ligamentum arteriosum within 1-3 months following birth

47
Q

Describe the clinical effects aberrant subclavian artery

A

3rd branch of ascending aorta is abnormally found on the left side, meaning it has to loop back over the trachea and oesophagus to supply the right arm, which can be constricted although usually there are no clinical signs

48
Q

Describe the clinical effects of a double aortic arch

A

Abnormal right and left aortic arch, forming a ring around the trachea and oesophagus, which can cause difficulty when swallowing and breathing

49
Q

What are the signs of patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Increased effort in breathing
Poor weight gain in first year of life
Can lead to congestive HF if not found

50
Q

Where is coarctation of the aorta most common?

A

Aortic arch

51
Q

What arteries supply the yolk sac?

A

Vitelline arteries

52
Q

What arteries supply the placenta?

A

Umbilical arteries

53
Q

Describe the fate of the vitelline arteries

A

Form major arteries of the gut:

  • celiac artery - foregut
  • superior mesenteric artery - midgut
  • inferior mesenteric artery - hindgut
54
Q

Describe the fate of the umbilical arteries

A

Proximal portion persists as internal iliac and superior vertical branches to bladder
Distal portion degenerates and forms medial umbilical ligaments

55
Q

Describe the fate of the cardinal veins

A

Become major vessels of the liver:

  • portal vein
  • hepatocardiac part of IVC
  • liver sinusoids
  • superior mesenteric vein
56
Q

Describe the fate of the umbilical veins

A

Right - degenerates completely
Left - degenerates and forms ligamentum trees hepatis
Ductus venosus - obliterates and forms ligamentum venous

57
Q

What is the ductus venosus?

A

Shunts blood from left umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, allowing oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver

58
Q

Describe the initial development of the lymphatic system

A

End of 6th week, develop around main veins

Six primary lymph sacs develop at end of embryonic period and fuse with vessels later on

59
Q

Who are more likely to develop patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Females
Maternal rubella infection
Premature babies

60
Q

What causes patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Failure of muscular wall to contract
Respiratory distress syndrome
Lack of surfactant in lungs

61
Q

What reasons do people think cause coarctation of the aorta alongside ductus arteriosus?

A

Incorporation of muscle tissue from DA into aortic arch, so when DA contracts with birth, it also constricts the aorta

Genetic/environmental factors

Cardiovascular system 16/17 (40 decks)

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