Pre Midterm Flashcards
This system provides the force to move bones about their joints
Muscular
This system prevents water loss, entry of germs into the body and synthesizes vitamin D
Integumentary
This system controls the body chemical molecules called hormones (adrenal glands, pancreas, pituitary)
Endocrine
This system delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
Circulatory system
This system removes and filters excess fluid from tissues
Lymphatic
This system has the esophagus, large intestine, and rectum
Digestive
The axial division of the body is the…
Head, neck, and trunk
This division of the body is the limbs…
Appendicular
The term ____ refers to internal organs
visceral
The term ______ refers to body cavity walls
Parietal
What are the two major closed body cavities?
Ventral and dorsal
Which body cavity protects the nervous system?
Dorsal
Which cavity houses the internal organs?
Ventral
What type of nutrients are chemicals for energy and cell-building? (4)
Carbs, proteins, fats, vitamins/minerals
Homeostatic control of variables involves what three components?
Receptor, control center, effector
What are the two subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?
Cranial and vertebral
Which cavity constrains the heart and lungs?
Thoracic
Which serosa lines internal body cavity walls?
Parietal
Which serosa covers the internal organs?
Visceral
Which membrane lines the a domino-pelvic cavity?
Peritoneal
The four major organic compounds that comprise our bodies are _______ (4).
Proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids
The major function of carbohydrates in the body is ________
As cellular fuel
Which type of reaction occurs when biological molecules are broken down?
Hydrolysis
The major building blocks of nucleic acids are _________.
nucleotides
What are the four levels of protein structures that determine shape and function?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
Is an anion positive or negative?
Negative
What are the three basic parts of human cells?
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
What part of the cell is the flexible outer boundary?
Plasma membrane
What part of the cell is the intracellular fluid containing organelles?
Cytoplasm
What does the cell membrane do?
Active barrier controlling what enters and leaves a cell
The layer that makes up the plasma membrane mostly consists of what?
Membrane lipids
Lipid belayer is made up of : (3)
Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol
Phospholipids consist of these 2 parts:
Phosphate heads and fatty acid tails
Are phosphate heads polar or nonpolar?
Polar
Are fatty acid tails hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic
What do membrane proteins do?
Allow cell communication with the environment
What makes up half the mass of plasma membrane?
Membrane proteins
What are the two types of membrane proteins?
Integral and peripheral
What do integral proteins do?
Function as transport proteins, enzymes, or receptors
Which membrane proteins are loosely attached to integral proteins
Peripheral proteins
What is the “sugar coating” sticking out of cell surface?
Glycocalyx
What does glycocalx do?
Allows immune system to recognize “self” vs “nonself”
What three ways can cells be bound to each other?
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Which type of cell junction allows “give” between cells, reducing the possibility of tearing under tension?
Desmosomes
What are two types of passive transport between cells?
Diffusion and filtration
What is the type of passive transport that usually occurs across capillary walls?
Filtration
Which type of diffusion is the movement of solvent across a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
What is the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cell’s internal water volume?
Tonicity
________ solution has higher osmolarity than inside cell, resulting in shrinking
Hypertonic
What are the two types of active membrane transports?
Active and vesicular
What is the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water?
hydrolysis
This type of carrier proteins transports one substance into cell while transporting a different substance out of cell.
Anti porter
This type of carrier protein transports two different substances in the same direction.
Symporters
In PRIMARY active membrane transport, energy from hydrolysis of ATP causes what?
Changes shape of transport protein
Sodium-potassium pump is an example of what type of transport?
Active primary transport
In a sodium-potassium pump, Na+ is pumped ______ and K+ is pumped _______.
Sodium OUT and Potassium IN
Leakage channels located in membranes result in leaking of ______ into the cell and leaking ______ out of cell.
Sodium into the cell and Potassium out of the cell
This type of active transport depends on ion gradient that was created by primary active transport system
Secondary active transport
This type of membrane transport involves large particles and fluids moving across membrane in membranous sacs called vesicles
Vesicular transport
What are the 3 different types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis
What type of endocytosis is referred to as “cell eating” ?
Phagocytosis
What type of endocytosis is referred to as “cell drinking” ?
Pinocytosis
Which type of vesicular transport moves into, across, and then out of cell?
Transcytosis
Amino acids are formed by covalent bonds called _______.
Peptide bonds
Colloids are also known as _______
Emulsions
What type of bond is nonmetal to metal?
Ionic bond
What type of bond is nonmetal to nonmetal?
Covalent
What type of chemical bond involves the transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another?
Ionic bond
Which type of covalent bond has equal sharing of electrons between atoms?
Nonpolar
What type of covalent bond has unequal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms?
Polar
Atoms with greater electron-attracting ability are electro_______.
Negative
Atoms with less electron-attracting ability are electro________.
Positive
This type of bond is the attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule.
Hydrogen bond
This type of chemical reaction involves atoms or molecules combining to form larger, more complex molecules.
Synthesis
Catabolic chemical reactions are a result of _________ reactions.
Decomposition
AB + C —> AC + B is an example of what type of reaction?
Exchange reaction / displacement reaction
Atoms are oxidized when they ______ electrons.
Oxidized
_______ are biological catalysts
Enzymes
Water, salts, and many acids and bases are examples of ________ compounds.
Inorganic
What type of compounds contain carbon, are usually, and are covalently bonded?
Organic compounds
What are some examples of organic compounds?
Carbs, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Water dissolves and dissociates ionic substances because of its _________ properties.
Polar solvent
All ions are called _______ because they can conduct electrical currents in solution.
Electrolytes
These types of ions play specialized roles in body functions:
Sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron
_______ (organ) play a big role in maintaining proper balance of electrolytes
Kidneys
If electrolyte balance is disrupted, what happens?
Virtually all organ systems cease to function
_______ are ionic compounds that dissociate into separate ions in water.
Salts
Acids and bases are both electrolytes, true or false?
True
______ are proton donors, meaning they release hydrogen ions.
Acids
________ are proton acceptors, meaning they pick up H+ ions in solution
Bases
OH- is a _______, released when a base dissolves in solution
Hydroxyl ion
When acids and bases are mixed together, it is called a _________ reaction.
Neutralization reaction
What does a buffer do in regards to acids and bases?
Release hydrogen ions if pH rises and bind hydrogen ions if pH falls
Carbon is electronegative, true or false
False, carbon is electro jet rail
True or False, Carbon shares electrons, never gains or loses them.
True
How is carbon synthesized?
Dehydration synthesis
How is carbon broken down?
Hydrolysis reactions
What type of organic compound contains C, H, and O, and include sugars and starches
Carbohydrates
What type of sugar contain three to seven carbon atoms?
Monosaccharides
What is the smallest unit of carbohydrates?
Monomers
What are 3 examples of important disaccharides?
Sucrose, maltose, and lactose
True or false, monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates
True
What is formed by the dehydration synthesis of many monomers?
Polysaccharides
What is the carbohydrate storage form used by plants?
Starch