Pre Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
This system provides the force to move bones about their joints
A
Muscular
2
Q
This system prevents water loss, entry of germs into the body and synthesizes vitamin D
A
Integumentary
3
Q
This system controls the body chemical molecules called hormones (adrenal glands, pancreas, pituitary)
A
Endocrine
4
Q
This system delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
A
Circulatory system
5
Q
This system removes and filters excess fluid from tissues
A
Lymphatic
6
Q
This system has the esophagus, large intestine, and rectum
A
Digestive
7
Q
The axial division of the body is the…
A
Head, neck, and trunk
8
Q
This division of the body is the limbs…
A
Appendicular
9
Q
The term ____ refers to internal organs
A
visceral
10
Q
The term ______ refers to body cavity walls
A
Parietal
11
Q
What are the two major closed body cavities?
A
Ventral and dorsal
12
Q
Which body cavity protects the nervous system?
A
Dorsal
13
Q
Which cavity houses the internal organs?
A
Ventral
14
Q
What type of nutrients are chemicals for energy and cell-building? (4)
A
Carbs, proteins, fats, vitamins/minerals
15
Q
Homeostatic control of variables involves what three components?
A
Receptor, control center, effector
16
Q
What are the two subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?
A
Cranial and vertebral
17
Q
Which cavity constrains the heart and lungs?
A
Thoracic
18
Q
Which serosa lines internal body cavity walls?
A
Parietal
19
Q
Which serosa covers the internal organs?
A
Visceral
20
Q
Which membrane lines the a domino-pelvic cavity?
A
Peritoneal
21
Q
The four major organic compounds that comprise our bodies are _______ (4).
A
Proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids
22
Q
The major function of carbohydrates in the body is ________
A
As cellular fuel
23
Q
Which type of reaction occurs when biological molecules are broken down?
A
Hydrolysis
24
Q
The major building blocks of nucleic acids are _________.
A
nucleotides
25
What are the four levels of protein structures that determine shape and function?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
26
Is an anion positive or negative?
Negative
27
What are the three basic parts of human cells?
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
28
What part of the cell is the flexible outer boundary?
Plasma membrane
29
What part of the cell is the intracellular fluid containing organelles?
Cytoplasm
30
What does the cell membrane do?
Active barrier controlling what enters and leaves a cell
31
The layer that makes up the plasma membrane mostly consists of what?
Membrane lipids
32
Lipid belayer is made up of : (3)
Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol
33
Phospholipids consist of these 2 parts:
Phosphate heads and fatty acid tails
34
Are phosphate heads polar or nonpolar?
Polar
35
Are fatty acid tails hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic
36
What do membrane proteins do?
Allow cell communication with the environment
37
What makes up half the mass of plasma membrane?
Membrane proteins
38
What are the two types of membrane proteins?
Integral and peripheral
39
What do integral proteins do?
Function as transport proteins, enzymes, or receptors
40
Which membrane proteins are loosely attached to integral proteins
Peripheral proteins
41
What is the “sugar coating” sticking out of cell surface?
Glycocalyx
42
What does glycocalx do?
Allows immune system to recognize “self” vs “nonself”
43
What three ways can cells be bound to each other?
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
44
Which type of cell junction allows “give” between cells, reducing the possibility of tearing under tension?
Desmosomes
45
What are two types of passive transport between cells?
Diffusion and filtration
46
What is the type of passive transport that usually occurs across capillary walls?
Filtration
47
Which type of diffusion is the movement of solvent across a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
48
What is the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cell’s internal water volume?
Tonicity
49
________ solution has higher osmolarity than inside cell, resulting in shrinking
Hypertonic
50
What are the two types of active membrane transports?
Active and vesicular
51
What is the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water?
hydrolysis
52
This type of carrier proteins transports one substance into cell while transporting a different substance out of cell.
Anti porter
53
This type of carrier protein transports two different substances in the same direction.
Symporters
54
In PRIMARY active membrane transport, energy from hydrolysis of ATP causes what?
Changes shape of transport protein
55
Sodium-potassium pump is an example of what type of transport?
Active primary transport
56
In a sodium-potassium pump, Na+ is pumped ______ and K+ is pumped _______.
Sodium OUT and Potassium IN
57
Leakage channels located in membranes result in leaking of ______ into the cell and leaking ______ out of cell.
Sodium into the cell and Potassium out of the cell
58
This type of active transport depends on ion gradient that was created by primary active transport system
Secondary active transport
59
This type of membrane transport involves large particles and fluids moving across membrane in membranous sacs called vesicles
Vesicular transport
60
What are the 3 different types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis
61
What type of endocytosis is referred to as “cell eating” ?
Phagocytosis
62
What type of endocytosis is referred to as “cell drinking” ?
Pinocytosis
63
Which type of vesicular transport moves into, across, and then out of cell?
Transcytosis
64
Amino acids are formed by covalent bonds called _______.
Peptide bonds
65
Colloids are also known as _______
Emulsions
66
What type of bond is nonmetal to metal?
Ionic bond
67
What type of bond is nonmetal to nonmetal?
Covalent
68
What type of chemical bond involves the transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another?
Ionic bond
69
Which type of covalent bond has equal sharing of electrons between atoms?
Nonpolar
70
What type of covalent bond has unequal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms?
Polar
71
Atoms with greater electron-attracting ability are electro_______.
Negative
72
Atoms with less electron-attracting ability are electro________.
Positive
73
This type of bond is the attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule.
Hydrogen bond
74
This type of chemical reaction involves atoms or molecules combining to form larger, more complex molecules.
Synthesis
75
Catabolic chemical reactions are a result of _________ reactions.
Decomposition
76
AB + C —> AC + B is an example of what type of reaction?
Exchange reaction / displacement reaction
77
Atoms are oxidized when they ______ electrons.
Oxidized
78
_______ are biological catalysts
Enzymes
79
Water, salts, and many acids and bases are examples of ________ compounds.
Inorganic
80
What type of compounds contain carbon, are usually, and are covalently bonded?
Organic compounds
81
What are some examples of organic compounds?
Carbs, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids.
82
Water dissolves and dissociates ionic substances because of its _________ properties.
Polar solvent
83
All ions are called _______ because they can conduct electrical currents in solution.
Electrolytes
84
These types of ions play specialized roles in body functions:
Sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron
85
_______ (organ) play a big role in maintaining proper balance of electrolytes
Kidneys
86
If electrolyte balance is disrupted, what happens?
Virtually all organ systems cease to function
87
_______ are ionic compounds that dissociate into separate ions in water.
Salts
88
Acids and bases are both electrolytes, true or false?
True
89
______ are proton donors, meaning they release hydrogen ions.
Acids
90
________ are proton acceptors, meaning they pick up H+ ions in solution
Bases
91
OH- is a _______, released when a base dissolves in solution
Hydroxyl ion
92
When acids and bases are mixed together, it is called a _________ reaction.
Neutralization reaction
93
What does a buffer do in regards to acids and bases?
Release hydrogen ions if pH rises and bind hydrogen ions if pH falls
94
Carbon is electronegative, true or false
False, carbon is electro jet rail
95
True or False, Carbon shares electrons, never gains or loses them.
True
96
How is carbon synthesized?
Dehydration synthesis
97
How is carbon broken down?
Hydrolysis reactions
98
What type of organic compound contains C, H, and O, and include sugars and starches
Carbohydrates
99
What type of sugar contain three to seven carbon atoms?
Monosaccharides
100
What is the smallest unit of carbohydrates?
Monomers
101
What are 3 examples of important disaccharides?
Sucrose, maltose, and lactose
102
True or false, monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates
True
103
What is formed by the dehydration synthesis of many monomers?
Polysaccharides
104
What is the carbohydrate storage form used by plants?
Starch
105
What is the carbohydrate storage form used by animals?
Glycogen
106
Which type of lipid is called fat when solid and oil when liquid?
Triglycerides
107
What type of fatty acid has one or more carbons linked via double bonds?
Unsaturated
108
Cholesterol, vitamin D, and bile salts are examples of?
Common steroids
109
What is the building block of vitamin D, steroid synthesis, and bile salt synthesis?
Cholesterol
110
Eicosanoids are a type of?
Lipids
111
All proteins are made from ______ types of amino acids.
20
112
Amino acids are joined by covalent bonds called ______ bonds.
Peptide
113
What are the four levels of protein structure?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
114
Keratin, elastin, and collagen are examples of _______ proteins.
Fibrous (structural) proteins
115
Antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, and enzymes are examples of _________ proteins.
Globular (functional) proteins
116
Which shape of protein is compact, water-soluble, and sensitive to environmental changes?
Globular (functional) proteins
117
The process of globular proteins unfolding and losing their functional shape is called?
Desaturation
118
True or false, enzymes act on a very specific substrate
True
119
True or false, enzymes are general catalyst for chemical reactions
False, they act on specific substrates
120
What are nucleotides composed of?
A pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases (A, G, C, T)
121
What are two pentose sugars found in nucleotides?
Ribose and deoxyribose
122
True or false, glucose is an important polysaccharide
False, it is an important monosaccharide
123
What are the four basic tissue types?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue
124
What are the three ways tissue can be viewed under a microscope?
Fixed, sectioned, and stained
125
Which tissue is a sheet of cells that covers body surfaces or cavities?
Epithelial tissue
126
What are the 5 distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissue?
Polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissues, avascular (but innervated), and regeneration
127
The upper free side exposed to surface or cavity of epithelial tissue is called the ______ surface.
Apical
128
Specialized finger like projections on some apical surfaces of epithelial tissue are called ________.
Microvilli
129
_________ increase surface area for absorption for epithelial tissue cells.
Microvilli
130
The basal surface of epithelial tissue cells are the _____ attached side, facing ___________ the body.
Lower attached side, facing inward toward the body.
131
What are two types of lateral contacts bringing adjacent epithelial cells together?
Tight junctions and desmosomes
132
What is deep to basal lamina, consisting of a network of collagen fibers?
Reticular lamina
133
The __________ is made up of basal and reticular lamina.
Basement membrane
134
True or false, connective tissue support maintains a copy of original cell.
True
135
What are the three “second names” of epithelial tissues?
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
136
What type of epithelial cells are everywhere on the body - squamous, cuboidal, or columnar?
Squamous
137
Which epithelial cells are flattened and scale-like?
Squamous
138
Which type of epithelial tissue cells are found in the kidneys?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
139
Which type of epithelium function where rapid diffusion is priority?
Simple squamous epithelium
140
What type of simple squamous epithelial are found in the lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart?
Endothelium
141
What type of simple squamous epithelial are found on serous membranes in the ventral body cavity?
Mesothelium
142
What type of epithelium is found in digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands, bronchi, and uterine tubes?
Simple columnar epithelium
143
Which type of epithelium is involved in secretion, particularly of mucus?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
144
What type of epithelium is involved in absorption of secretion of mucus, ENZYMES, and other substances
Simple columnar epithelium
145
Which type of epithelium is located mostly in upper respiratory tract, ducts of large glands, and tubules in testes?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
146
What is the most widespread of stratified epithelia?
Stratified squamous epithelium
147
What type of epithelium is our skin?
Stratified squamous epithelium
148
Where are keratinized cells found?
Skin
149
Where are nonkeratinized cells found?
Moist linings
150
What type of rare epithelium is found in some sweat and mammary glands?
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
151
What type of epithelium is found in small amounts found in pharynx, in male uthera, and lining some glandular ducts?
Stratified columnar epithelium
152
What type of epithelium forms at the lining of hollow urinary organs?
Transitional epithelium
153
What type of epithelium has the ability to change shape when stretched?
Transitional epithelium
154
What epithelia has one ore more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion?
Gland
155
What type of glands are ductless glands?
Endocrine
156
What is an example of endocrine glands?
Blood vessels
157
What type of glands secrete hormones?
Endocrine glands
158
What type of glands secrete fluids onto body surfaces or into body cavities?
Exocrine glands
159
What are more numerous, exocrine or endocrine glands?
Exocrine
160
What type of glands secrete products into ducts?
Exocrine
161
What are the only important unicellular glands?
Mucous cells and goblet cells
162
What type of glands are found in epithelial kingpins of intestinal and respiratory tracts?
Unicellular exocrine glands
163
What are the three modes of secretion for multicellular exocrine glands?
Merocrine, Holocrine, apocrine
164
Binding, supporting, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, and transporting substances (blood) are the functions of what type of tissue?
Connective tissue
165
What are the four main classes of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood
166
What are the three main elements of connective tissue?
Ground substance, fibers, and cells
167
What is the protein-sugar mesh that is made up of ground substance and fibers of connective tissue called?
extracellular matrix (ECM)
168
What helps cells so they can bear weight, withstand tension, and endure abuse?
The extracellular matrix
169
What is the unstructured gel-like material that fills space between cells of connective tissue?
Ground substance
170
What are the three types of fibers of connective tissue?
Collagen, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers
171
What type of connective tissue fiber is short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers, offering more “give”?
Reticular
172
What type of cell is immature form, actively secreting ground substance and ECM fibers?
“Blast” cells
173
What type of blast cells are found in connective tissue proper?
Fibroblasts
174
What type of blast cells are found in cartilage?
Chondroblasts
175
What type of blast cells are found in bone?
Osteoblasts
176
What type of blast cells are found in bone marrow?
Hematopoietic stem cells
177
What type of cells are more mature, less active, and become part of / help maintain health of extracellular matrix?
“Cyte” cells
178
What type of connective tissue cells store nutrients?
Fat cells
179
What type of connective tissue cells are neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and respond to injury?
White blood cells
180
What type of connective tissue cells initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms?
Mast cells
181
What type of connective tissue cells are phagocytic cells that “eat” dead cells, microorganisms, and function in immune system?
Macrophages
182
When drive for K+ to leave cell is balanced by its drive to stay within the cell, what is established?
Resting Membrane Potential
183
At RMP, skeletal cells have around how many volts?
-90mV
184
If Na+ enters cell, it can bring RMP up to ______, like in muscles.
-70mV
185
How is the resting membrane potential maintained in a cell?
The sodium-potassium pump and electrochemical gradients
186
Glycocalyx, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), and plasma membrane receptors are always involved in what?
Cellular interaction
187
What is the cellular material that is located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus?
Cytoplasm
188
What is cytoplasm composed of?
Cytosol, inclusions, and organelles
189
What are the membranous organelles of cytoplasm?
Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, lysosomes
190
What are the nonmembranous organelles of cytoplasm?
Ribosomes, cytoskeleton, and centrioles
191
Within mitochondria, ______ are embedded with membrane proteins that play a role in cellular respiration
Cristae
192
What are the nonmembranous organelles that are site of protein synthesis?
Ribosomes
193
What are ribosomes made up of?
Protein and rRNA
194
What is the organelle that facilitates peptide bonds between amino acids?
Ribosomes
195
What plays a role in the synthesis of steroid-based hormones and proteins?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
196
What type of cell organelle consists of a series of parallel, interconnected cisterns?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
197
Which type of ER is the site of synthesis of proteins secreted by cell, plasma membrane proteins and phospholipids?
Rough ER
198
What type of ER is the involved in lipid metabolism, steroid-based hormone synthesis, absorbing/transporting fats, and storing/releasing calcium?
Smooth ER
199
What modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids received from rough ER?
Golgi Apparatus
200
Within the cytoplasm, what is the “traffic director,” controlling which of the three pathways final products will take as new transport vesicles?
Golgi Apparatus
201
What do peroxisomes do?
Detoxify free radicals, as well as play a role in the breakdown/synthesis of fatty acids
202
What is oxidase?
An enzyme used by peroxisomes that uses oxygen to convert toxins
203
What does catalase do?
Decomposes hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
204
What organelle are spherical membranous BAGS containing digestive enzymes; “safe” sites?
Lysosomes
205
What organelle will ISOLATE potentially harmful intracellular digestion of bacteria, viruses, and toxins?
Lysosomes
206
What organelle will break down and release calcium from the bone?
Lysosomes
207
What acts as a cell’s “bones, ligaments, and muscle” by playing a role in movement of cell components?
Cytoskeleton
208
What are the three types of cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
209
What are the semi-flexible strands of protein actin in the cytoskeleton called?
Microfilaments
210
What strengthens cell surface and helps to resist compression?
Microfilaments
211
What type of cytoskeleton helps cell resist pulling forces?
Intermediate filaments
212
What cytoskeleton elements determines overall shape of the cell?
Microtubules
213
Which cytoskeletal element provides tracks for motor proteins to move substances throughout cell?
Microtubules
214
_______ are whiplike, motile extensions on surfaces of certain cells, such as respiratory cells.
Cilia
215
________ are longer extensions of centrioles that propel the whole cell, like the tail of sperm.
Flagella
216
What are the minute, finger like extensions of plasma membrane that project from surface of select cells, used to increase surface area for absorption?
Microvilli
217
True or false, red blood cells have many nuclei.
False, they are anucleate (no nucleus)
218
What are the dark-staining spherical bodies within nucleus that are involved in rRNA synthesis?
Nucleoli
219
What are the three main structures of the nucleus?
Nuclear envelope, nucleoli, and chromatin
220
What moves substances throughout a cell, powered by ATP, using microtubules as tracks?
Motor proteins
221
Where is the centrosome located?
Near the nucleus
222
What are the two major periods of cell cycle?
Interphase and cell division
223
What is the period from cell formation to cell division, when cell carries out its routine activities?
Interphase
224
What gets arranged in fundamental units called nucleosides, which consist of DNA wrapped around histones?
Chromatin
225
Chromosomes are condensed _______.
Chromatin
226
What are threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes?
Chromosomes
227
Prior to division, the cell makes a copy of _______.
DNA
228
What are the three sub phases of a cell’s interphase?
Gap 1, Synthetic, Gap 2
229
In what sub phase of interphase does DNA replication occur?
Synthetic
230
DNA starts replication by laying down a short strand that acts as a ________.
Primer
231
What attaches to an RNA’s primer to add nucleotides to form a new strand of DNA?
DNA polymerase
232
What phase of cell cycle is the phase in which division occurs?
Mitotic phase
233
Mitosis is the division of?
Nucleus
234
What are the four stages of mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
235
What phase of mitosis do the chromesomes split?
Anaphase
236
What are some “stop” signals for cell division?
Contact inhibition
237
A segment of DNA that holds the code for one polypeptide is referred to as a _____.
Gene
238
What is the “go-between” molecule that links DNA to proteins?
RNA
239
What are the three types of RNA?
Messenger, Ribosomal, and Transfer
240
Which type of RNA is involved in the transcription process?
Messenger RNA
241
What type of RNA is the structural component of ribosomes, the organelle where protein synthesis occurs?
Ribosomal RNA
242
What type of RNA carries amino acids, and will complementary base-pair with codon of mRNA at ribosome (known as translation)?
Transfer RNA
243
Protein synthesis of cell division occurs in what two steps?
Transcription and translation
244
The process of protein synthesis where DNA information is coded in mRNA is called?
Transcription
245
The process of protein synthesis where mRNA is decoded to assemble polypeptides is called?
Translation
246
Each three-based sequence on DNA is represented by a complementary three-base sequence on mRNA called ______.
Codon
247
How many possible codons are there in DNA?
64
248
True or False, there are only 30 possible amino acids, so this means that some amino acids are represented by more than one codon.
False, 20 possible amino acids
249
What coordinates the coupling of mRNA and tRNA?
Ribosomes
250
True or false, anticodon sequence of tRNA is identical to DNA sequence, except uracil is substituted for thymine
True
251
Programmed cell death is known as?
Apoptosis
252
Telomerase is an enzyme that lengthens?
Telomeres
253
How many codons are STOP codons?
3 codons
254
What are the four main classes of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood
255
Connective tissue proper consists of all connective tissues except?
Bone, cartilage, and blood
256
What are the two subclasses of connective tissue proper?
Loose and dense connective tissue
257
What are examples of loose connective tissue?
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
258
What are some examples of loose connective tissues?
Areolar, adipose, and reticular
259
What is the most widely distributed connective tissue?
Areolar
260
Which connective tissue proper serves as the universal packing material between other tissues?
Areolar
