Chapter 3 - Cells Flashcards
The principle of complete rarity states that the biochemical activity of cells reflects the operations of their what?
Organelles
What are the three major regions of the generalized human cell?
The nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the plasma membrane
Body fluids, cellular secretions, and extracellular matrix are examples of what type of materials found outside of cells?
Extracellular materials
What encloses cell contents, mediates exchanges with the extracellular environment, and plays a role in cellular communication?
Plasma membrane
The plasma membrane is a fluid bilayer of what?
Lipids
What act as an active barrier separating intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid?
Plasma membrane
What three things make up the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane?
Phospholipids, glysolipids, and cholesterol
The phospholipids of of membrane lipid bilayer are made up of what two parts?
Phosphate heads and fatty acid tails
Which part of the phospholipid aspect of a cell’s lipid bilayer is charged?
Phosphate heads
Which part of the phospholipids in a cell’s lipid bilayer are hydrophobic?
Fatty acid tails
Glycolipids are lipids with what attached?
Sugar groups
What substance in a cell membrane increase the membrane stability by decreasing the mobility of the phospholipids and the fluidity of the membrane?
Cholesterol
What allows cells to communicate with environment, making up half the mass of plasma membrane?
Membrane proteins
What are the two types of membrane proteins?
Integral and peripheral
What type of proteins are firmly inserted into membrane?
Integral
What function as transport proteins as both channels and carriers, serve as enzymes, and receptors?
Integral proteins
What type of membrane proteins are loosely attached to integral proteins?
Peripheral proteins
What type of membrane proteins include filaments on intracellular surface used to provide plasma membrane support?
Peripheral proteins
What is the sugar coating of cells?
The glycocalyx
Made up of glycolipids and glycoproteins, the ________ helps in cell to cell recognition, like sperm recognizing the egg cell.
The glycocalyx
Within the glycocalyx, what acts as an adhesive?
Glycoproteins
A series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membrane of adjacent cells will fuse together to form an impermeable junction encircling the cell, called what?
Tight junction
What are the anchoring junctions that bind adjacent cells together like Velcro called?
Desmosomes
What type of cell junction will allow “give” between cells, reducing the possibility of tearing under tension?
Desmosomes
At gap junctions the adjacent plasma membranes are very close, and the cells are connected by hollow cylinders called ______.
Connexons
The connexons of gap junctions are composed of ___________.
Transmembrane proteins
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids
What are the monomers of DNA/RNA?
Nucleotides
What are the monomers for carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
When two simple sugars join into a double sugar, is a water molecule eliminated or consumed?
Eliminated
In order for a disaccharide to be broken down into a simple sugar, a water molecule must ______ from each bond.
Removed
