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A&P > Chapter 6 - Bones > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal cartilage is made up of resilient, molded cartilage tissue that consists primarily of?

A

Water

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2
Q

What is the layer of dense connective tissue surrounding skeletal cartilage?

A

Perichondrium

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3
Q

Perichondrium is a lay or what kind of tissue?

A

Dense connective tissue

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4
Q

What helps cartilage resist outward expansion?

A

Perichondrium

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5
Q

Which part of bones is vascular, skeletal cartilage or perichondrium?

A

Perichondrium

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6
Q

Cartilage is made out of what kind of cells?

A

Chondrocytes

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7
Q

What is the name for the small cavities in which chondrocytes are encased?

A

Lacunae

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8
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

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9
Q

What is the most abundant type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

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10
Q

What are the four types of hyaline cartilage?

A

Articulate, costal, respiratory, nasal

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11
Q

Where is articular cartilage located?

A

Joints

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12
Q

Where is costal cartilage located?

A

Ribs

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13
Q

Where is elastic cartilage located?

A

External ear and epiglottis

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14
Q

Where is fibrocartilage located?

A

Minisci of knee; vertebral discs

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15
Q

What kind of fibers are found in hyaline and fibrocartilage?

A

Collagen

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16
Q

Cartilage-forming cells in perichondrium secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage in what type of cartilage growth?

A

Appositional

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17
Q

Chondrocytes within lacunae divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within in what type of growth?

A

Interstitial

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18
Q

What minerals do bones store?

A

Calcium and phosphorus

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19
Q

In respect to bones, blood cell formation occurs where?

A

Red marrow cavities

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20
Q

What type of fat is stored in bone activities?

A

Triglyceride

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21
Q

What type of hormone is secreted by bones?

A

Osteocalcin

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22
Q

Osteocalcin is secreted by bones to help regulate what?

A

Insulin secretion, glucose levels, and metabolism

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23
Q

What many bones in the human skeleton?

A

206

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24
Q

The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage are located in what part of the skeleton, axial or appendicular?

A

Axial

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25
Q

The appendicular skeleton consists of what bones?

A

Upper and lower limbs

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26
Q

What type of bones from within tendons?

A

Sesamoid bones

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27
Q

Bones are organs, true or false.

A

True

28
Q

What are the thin plates of spongy bone called?

A

Diploe

29
Q

Spongy bone is made up of a honeycomb of small, needle-like pieces of bone called?

A

Trabeculae

30
Q

What is the connective tissue membrane covering the outside of compact bone?

A

Periosteum

31
Q

What is the connective tissue membrane covering inside portion of compact bone?

A

Endosteum

32
Q

What is the long shaft of a long bone called?

A

Diaphysis

33
Q

What is the end of a bone called?

A

Epiphyses

34
Q

The central medullary cavity of an adult long bone is filled with what?

A

Yellow marrow

35
Q

The diaphysis of a long bone consists of compact bone surrounding what cavity?

A

Medullary cavity

36
Q

Epiphyses of long bone consists of what type of bone externally and what bone internally?

A

Compact bone externally,

Spongy bone internally

37
Q

Where does bone growth occur?

A

Epiphyseal line

38
Q

Between the diaphysis and epiphysis is the epiphseal line, remnant of what?

A

Childhood epiphseal plate

39
Q

The fibrous layer of periosteum consists of what type of tissue?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

40
Q

What type of fibers secure bone to bone matrix, found within the outer layer of periosteum?

A

Sharpey’s fibers

41
Q

Which layer of the periosteum contains primitive osteogenic stem cells that give rise to most bone cells?

A

Osteogenic layer

42
Q

What is found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploe of flat bones?

A

Red marrow

43
Q

When do medullary cavities and all spongy bone contain red marrow?

A

In newborns

44
Q

In adults, red marrow is located in heads of which long bones?

A

Femur and humerus

45
Q

What are the most active areas of hematopoiesis in adults?

A

Flat bone diploe and some irregular bones (such as hip)

46
Q

When can yellow marrow convert to red?

A

If a person become anemic

47
Q

What are the three types of bone markings?

A

Projection, depression, and opening

48
Q

Which type of bone cell is bone-forming, secreting osteoid?

A

Osteoblasts

49
Q

What is osteoid made up of?

A

Collagen and calcium-binding proteins

50
Q

What makes up 90% of bone protein?

A

Collagen

51
Q

What are the mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide?

A

Osteocytes

52
Q

Which bone cells maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors so bone remodeling can occur?

A

Osteocytes

53
Q

In addition to osteocytes, what other cells help maintain bone matrix?

A

Bone-lining cells

54
Q

What are the bone-lining cells on the external bone surface?

Periosteal or endosteal

A

Periosteal

55
Q

Which bone cells breakdown bone for remodeling?

A

Osteoclasts

56
Q

What is lamellar bone?

A

Compact bone

57
Q

What is the elongated cylinder that runs parallel to long axis of bone?

A

Osteocytes

58
Q

What act as tiny-weight bearing pillars in compact bone?

A

Osteon

59
Q

An osteon cylinder consists of several rings of bone matrix called?

A

Lamellae

60
Q

What are found between collagen fibers of osteon, helping to withstand stress and twisting?

A

Bone salts

61
Q

The central (Haversian) canal running through the core of osteon contains what?

A

Blood vessels and nerve fibers

62
Q

What canals are lined with endosteum that occur at right angles to central canal?

A

Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals

63
Q

What are the small cavities that contain osteocytes?

A

Lacunae

64
Q

What are the hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and to central canal?

A

Canaliculi

65
Q

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

A

Osteon

66
Q

Which of these are NOT present in spongy bone:

Trabeculae, lamellae, osteocytes, osteons

A

Osteons

67
Q

What inorganic compound makeup 65% of bone by mass?

A

Hydroxyapatites

A&P (8 decks)

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