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FISH 231 > pre-midterm > Flashcards

pre-midterm Flashcards

1
Q

which species have no ovulation and spawning in captivity?

A

black cod, halibut, sturgeon

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2
Q

which species have poor spermatogenesis?

A

pike

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3
Q

which species have excessive spawning?

A

tilapia, sunfish

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4
Q

what are the 7 reasons for sex manipulation? **

A
  1. no ovulation and spawning in captivity
  2. poor spermatogenesis
  3. excessive spawing
  4. seasonal spawning
  5. asynchronous spawning
  6. sex differentiation
  7. growth vs reproduction (SEE GRAPH)
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5
Q

what are the 8 stages of Meiosis (describe)

A 
Prophase 1: reduction
Metaphase 1: division
Anaphase 1: 2n becomes 1n
Telophase 1: 1st pb lost. vitellogenesis
P2: gvbd
M2: ovulation
A2: 2nd polar body begin separate/shocked
T2: 2nd polar separtates/absorbed
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6
Q

Explain Prophase 1

A
  • initiation of GONADAL MATURATION
  • beginning of RECRUDESCENCE
  • meiosis stops and vitellogenesis starts
  • vitellogenin deposited and present in blood
  • longest stop in meiosis. longer in big eggs
  • meiosis may become permanently arrested at the end of vitellogenesis
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7
Q

Explain Prophase 2

A
  • should start after telophase 1, may not
  • GV usually migrates to side of egg
  • GV disappears (GVBD germinal vesicle break down)
  • signals ovulation
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8
Q

what is another term for GVBD?

A

FOM (final oocyte maturation)

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9
Q

What kind of chromosomes do progeny have after androgenesis?

A

50% XX females and 50% YY supermales

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10
Q

how can you wind up with a stock of all YY supermales without going thru androgenesis?

A

Breed YY males with YY females.

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11
Q

how do you obtain YY females?

A

estrogen-treat the fry

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12
Q

what is Aneuploid

A

mistakes. the shocking wasnt done at the proper time, and a fish can have both diploid and tetraploid cells in their body

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13
Q

To create triploids, at what stage do you shock the eggs? what happens with the egg that creates triploidy?

A

anaphase II. The second polar body is retained.

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14
Q

2 methods of triploiding fish

A
  • shocking normal eggs

- breed 4n fish with 2n fish

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15
Q

how can you differenciate a 3n RBT from a 2n?

A

size. RBT nuclei 50% larger than 2n

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16
Q

what egg development process does triploiding interrupt?

A

meiosis

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17
Q

when do you shock an egg to get tetraploids?

A

1st cleavage

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18
Q

are both male and female 4n fertile?

A

yes

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19
Q

how do you create clones?

A

apply mitotic gynogenesis. raise fry, breed. Then apply mitotic or meiotic gynogenesis.

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20
Q

recrudescence

A

egg maturation

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21
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

development of oogonia to mature egg

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22
Q

For an oogonia in an ovarian follicle, what are the walls formed from? what do they produce?

A

walls formed by thecal and granulosa cells, produce estrogen

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23
Q

What is the best physical indicator for when maturation will occur, and give examples of when this might not be a true rule.

A

size usually determines when maturation occurs.

  • some fast growing fish may not mature at expected size.
  • some slow growing fish may mature at small sizes and old age
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24
Q

Endovitellogenesis

A

ovary produces yolk globules, secrete mucopolysaccharieds into the perivitelline space. Set up osmotic gradient that draws in water and egg activates

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25
Q

Vitellogenesis:

A

deposition of nutrients and lipids in yolk. (?? double check with some one else’s notes). September 18

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26
Q

Exogenous Vitellogenesis

A

liver main source of vitellogenin and lipid. secreted due to effect of estrogen. lipids apprear as small droplets, clear. can be colored. 1st sign of egg development. Later droplet coalesce (join together). rate may predict ovulation

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27
Q

FOM. what does it stand for, and what stages occur with FOM

A

final oocyte maturation

  • immediately preceeds ovulation
  • fusion of lipid droplets into 1. few large droplets.
  • GV oves to edge of egg (where micopile is)
  • GVBD.
  • egg hydrates. physical increase in size of egg
  • microvillae break and egg is loose in follicle.
  • eggs may be expressed.
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28
Q

which four ways can you obtain eggs for ovulation prediction?

A

i) sacrifice brood and dissect
ii) surgically remove eggs and suture
iii) catheterize female and suck or squeeze eggs out
iv) hand stripping

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29
Q

what fluids should eggs be examined in?

A

ovarian fluid, artificial ovarian fluid (stockard solution)

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30
Q

What 6 things should you examine eggs for predicting ovulation

A

i) appearance of lipid droplets
ii) lipid droplets enlarge
iii) lipid movement to the pole of the egg
iv) germinal vesicle migration
v) GVBD
vi) hydration

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31
Q

What are some signs of maturation other than observing eggs? (4)

A

i) tail wagging
ii) morphological changes; urogenital papillae, intense coloration
iii) secondary sexual characteristics
iv) nest building, aggression

32
Q

Atresia:

A

blockage of oviducts by eggs

eggs may be resorbed or female may die

33
Q

What are the 3 patterns of oogenesis, and briefly describe

A

i) Synchronous.
- all oocytes at same development stage.
- typical of semelparous, iteroparous fish that spawn 1/year.
ii) Group synchronous
- 2 or 3 all at same stage.
- 1 group of ripe eggs, 2nd group at a lesser stage.
- iteroparous fish that spawn 1-2/year
iii) Asynchronous.
- oocyte in all stages
- a fish that spawns many times per year

34
Q

Environmental cues for maturation/breeding. 3 major 3 minor

A

major:
-temperature
-photoperiod
-nutrition
minor:
-water quality/volume
-social interaction
-suitable substrate

35
Q

Fish sensors (5)

A
  • eyes
  • pineal gland
  • metabolic sensors sense nutritional state
  • temperature receptors
  • olfaction
36
Q

Hypothalamus. what is it, what does it do. (4 points)

A
  • releasing hormones
  • inhibitory factors
  • nor-epinephrine
  • serotonin
37
Q

Pituitary

A
  • 2 types of GTH

- complimentary hormones

38
Q

Ovaries and testes (what sex steroids does it have?)

A 
17B estradiol (females)
11 ketotestosterone (male and female)
39
Q

Soma

A

secondary sexual traits

spawning behavior

40
Q

2 ways of manipulating the spawning cycle (graph thing)

A

i) environmental cue
- receptor>brain>hypothalamus axis.
ii) hormonal
- hypothalamus>pituitary>ovarian axis

41
Q

why are environmental cues important?

A
  • feeding: affects circadian. rhythm of GTH circulation.
  • nutrients for vitellogenesis
  • conditioning spawners
42
Q

What is ‘photoperiod’?

A
  • primary cueing mechanism for temperate species.
  • rate of change and direction of change
  • may not be important for tropical species.
43
Q

how is temperature important in relation to spawning?

A
  • tropical species, important cue
  • N and S edge of range temperature can control spawning
  • tilapia breed constantly if above 28*C
  • tilapia dont breed under 22*C
  • sudden temperature change can stimulate spawning
44
Q

Pheramones

A

metabolic byproducts of sex steroids

45
Q

Pineal Gland

A
  • produces melatonin, secretes at night not during day

- melatonin acts as a transducer of photoperiod

46
Q

Hypothalmic Releasing Hormone

A
  • GTHRH
  • GnRH (gonadotropin)
  • GnRF (gonadotropin releasing factor)
  • LHRH (human lutenizing hormone releasing hormone
  • LHRHa (human lutenizing hormone releasing hormone analogue) ** most commonly used
  • SGNRHa- Salmon Goadotropin releasing hormone analogue
47
Q

GTHRH - what does it stand for, where is it concentrated?

A

Gonatropic hormone releasing hormone

-hypothalamus, olfactory and optic centre of brain

48
Q

LHRHa- what does it do?

A
  • most likely hormone to induce fish to spawn
  • cause fish to secrete own GTH, which tend to be spp. specific
  • simple 10 amino acid molecules - cheap
  • low species specificity
  • small molecules = no immune response
  • use ug amounts vs mg for induction. cheap
49
Q

how much stronger is analogue than natural GTHRH?

A

3x

50
Q

how many injections should be done when using GTHRH?

A

<2 , 1/4 dose for 1st (priming),

3/4 dose for 2nd (resolving)

51
Q

GTHRHIF

A

GTHRH inhibitory factor

  • dopamine
  • dopamine effect inhibited by Pimozide, Domperidone
52
Q

Best way to inject GTHRH?

A
  • best intraperitoneal

- 2nd best intramuscular or dorsal sinus

53
Q

how would you release GTHRH slowly?

A
  • mix LHRHa w cellulose or cholesterol
  • coconut oil
  • polymers
  • ovaplant
54
Q

Name 5 Gonadotropins

A
  • GTH (gonadotropin hormone)
  • GnH (gonadotropin)
  • Pituitary extracts
  • FSH Folicle stimulating hormone
  • HCG Human chorionic gonadotropin
55
Q

which 2 Gonadotropins are human?

A
  • FSH folicle stimulating hormone

- HCG Human chorionic gonadotropin

56
Q

what are the 2 GTH in fish?

A

GTH 1: Glycoprotein. big molecule. controls most reproductive changes via gonads stimulated to release sex steroids.
-GTH 2: causes incoporation of nutrients into oocyte

57
Q

GTH has circadian rhythem. what is this?

A

controlled by time of day and time fed. (diagram)

58
Q

3 forms of GTH.

A 
Pit extract
-acetone dried
-ethanol preserved
-freeze dried
Partially purifies pit extract
-SG100
-doesnt work as well
HCG+LH
-usually 2 injections
-1/4 1st, 3/4 2nd dose
-sometimes successive small doses (4-6)
59
Q

3 types of sex steroids

A
  • 17B estradiol
  • 11 ketotestosterone
  • 17+20B Dihydroprogesterone
60
Q

what is 17+20BDHP?

A

17+20 Dihydroprogesterone. sex steroid

61
Q

what are sex steroids secreted by?

A

testes and ovaries

62
Q

what cells produce testosterone in general? what cells produce testosterone in testes?

A

thecal cells, lydeg cells

63
Q

what changes testosterone to estrogen?

A

granulosa

64
Q

what happens to 17B steroid when the fish is very near ovulation?

A

decreases suddenly, occurs with elevated testosterone.

65
Q

tamoxifen clomophone citrate

A

counteracting negative feedback, it blocks estrogen. Effects and elevates GTH production

66
Q

sex determination is generally under _______ control.

A

genetic

67
Q

what are some important influences on sex manipulation?

A

environmental and autosomal

68
Q

3 methods for sex manipulation

A
  • interspecific hybrids
  • hormones
  • chromosome manipulation
69
Q

objectives for sex manipulation

A
  • monosex population

- sterile poplulation

70
Q

with a 100% pure brood, what are two combination of tilapia you can breed to produce 100% males?

A

O. niloticus female with O. aureus male

O. niloticus female with O. hornorus male

71
Q

Steroid treatment: two basic, general rules

A
  • use testosterone to get males and estrogen to get females

- must apply before sex differentiation

72
Q

2 most common treatments for steroids?

A
  • bath @ 50% hatch and 50% swim-up
  • feed testosterone - 10-21 day
  • bath 200ppm testosterone - 2 hours (can use estrogen to feminize)
  • food 25mg/kg food
73
Q

what happens if you have too high or too low of a dosage of steroids?

A

-sterile fish that dont grow and hermaphrodites

74
Q

LOOK AT YY XX XY BREEDING MONOSEXING

A

pg 14

75
Q

how do you do hormone sterilization?

A

use high dose of testosterone

  • 20-40mg/L bath -50% swimup and hatch
  • 200-400mg/kg food for 1st 3 weeks feeding

FISH 231 (9 decks)

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