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FISH 231 > Bass > Flashcards

Bass Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most widely enhanced perciform fish in USA?

A

bass. hybrids most commonly used.
- all in genus Morone
- Family Moronidae

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2
Q

what are genus Morone fish usually confused with?

A

Centrarchids, like pumpkin seeds, large and smallmouth bass

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3
Q

what species of Moronidae is european?

A

Dicentrarchus labrax

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4
Q

Name the four bass that we are covering, including latin names.

A

Morone saxailus - striped bass
M. chrysops - white bass (not cultured for meat)
M. americana - white perch
M. mississippiensis - yellow bass

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5
Q

Heterosis def’n

A

hybrid vigour. hybrids do better than the plain species do.

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6
Q

four reasons why Morone spp display heterosis

A

i. increased survival
ii. higher early growth rates
iii. increased disease resistance
iv. better conversion efficiency (FCR)

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7
Q

name 5 hybrid bass

A

palmetto - original hybrid. most important
sunshine - reciprocal hybrid. most important
virginia
maryland
paradise

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8
Q

cross what to get a palmetto bass

A

female striped bass and male white bass.

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9
Q

cross what to get a sunshine bass

A

female white bass with male striped bass

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10
Q

cross what to get a virginia bass

A

female striped bass with male white perch

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11
Q

cross what to get a maryland bass

A

female white perch with male striped bass

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12
Q

cross what to get a paradise bass

A

female white perch with male yellow bass

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13
Q

name three facts for hybrids

A
  • are intruders morphologically
  • have broken stripes
  • F2 hybrids possible
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14
Q

Palmetto bass

A
  • most widely used in enhancement
  • female str. bass - non-adhesive eggs and large fry. take artemia from start.
  • hardier than parent
  • grow faster up to 3-4 lbs
  • max size 25-30lbs
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15
Q

Sunshine Bass

A
  • most common in commercial culture
  • eggs adhesive and must start fry on rotifers
  • takes about one month longer in grow out
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16
Q

Striped Bass

A
  • > 100lbs
  • only females >20lbs
  • range gulf of st. lawrence to N. florida
  • introduced to W. coast 1879, range columbia to california
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17
Q

Striped bass: Spawning info

A 
spring spawners
-short migration
-stocked in FW bodies and resevoirs
-complete life cycle in FW
-iteroparous, anadromous
-females mature in 5-7years
males mature in 3 years
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18
Q

Striped bass: eggs

A 
scatter non-adhesive eggs near surface over deep water
-fercundity = 15,000 for 1.5females
3,000 000 for 20kg females
normal ~ 200,000- 700,000
-egg size 3.3-5.7mm hardened
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19
Q

Striped bass: eggs. Hatch schedule

A

hatch in 2-3 days
button up 4-5 days later
must have live food. artemis
strictly carnivores. small fish, benthic inverts, annelids.

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20
Q

what type of stomach do striped bass have?

A

Carnivores. Large stomach and short intestine. Meal feeders.

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21
Q

White bass: general info

  • where do they occur
  • how long till maturity
  • max size
  • when spawn
A
  • occur in marine, primarily FW fish
  • native to St. lawrence, Mississippi/ohio drainage, south to mexico
  • mature at 2-3 years
  • max 6lb 13oz
  • spring spawners, same time as striped bass
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22
Q

white bass: general info

  • what type of eggs
  • how many eggs
  • what size eggs
  • how long incubation
A
  • scatter adhesive eggs over plants
  • 1.5kg female 400,000-600,000 eggs
  • eggs 2.8-3.1mm
  • 2-3 day incubation
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23
Q

Temperature for Morone:

Tolerance, Optimum

A

T: 15-24
O: 17-19

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24
Q

DO for Morone:

Tolerance, Optimum

A

T: 4ppm
O: saturated

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25
Q

pH for Morone:

Tolerance, Optimum

A

T: 6.5-9.0
O: 7.5-8.5

26
Q 
Optimum range for:
Ca+2
Salinity
NO3
NO2
Unionized NH3
TGP
Ns
Suspended Solids
A

Ca+2= 200-250ppm
Sal= 0-5%o
NO3 <80ppm

27
Q

What type of bass has the biggest problem with broodstock?

A

palmetto

28
Q

what type of bass is difficult to predict ovulation in captivity?

A

female striped bass

29
Q

where is the brood held, and fed what?

A

12’ circulars, fed trout pellets, fresh squid, herring.

30
Q

what is the PC?

A

pellet concentration

31
Q

what is the [PC] for O2?

A

5-6ppm

32
Q

where do you get white bass brood?

A

the wild

33
Q

Brood Capture:

  • taken from where
  • using what
A
  • spawning grounds

- pounds net, trammel nets, gill nets

34
Q

what hormones are brood given at capture?

A

HCG or LHRHa

35
Q

what are the peramitors for truck transport?

O2, Salinity, temperature, CaCl2, Maranil

A

Pure O2, 5-10%o sal, CaCl2 100ppm, <18*C, Maranil 1/3ppm, 30-45kg/m3

36
Q

are bass sexually dimorphic?

A

no, but females have bulging bellies when ripe, and males begin to express milt before females are ripe.

37
Q

how do you spawn pure striped bass?

A

manual spawning, tank spawning.

Manual is the only option for hybrids

38
Q

Describe Tank Spawning for Bass

A
  • easiest, most successful. No staging of females.
  • 6-8ft FRP tanks w internal standpipes
  • air curtain around screen prevents eggs from being stuck
  • 2 males/1 female per tank
  • covered tanks, siphon left in to check for eggs and do egg inventory
  • sac fry and eggs incubated in tanks then siphoned or netted into pond or aquaria
39
Q

Manual spawning for bass

-what hormone is given?

A

LHRHa 5-20 ug/kg male and female

40
Q

how do you sample eggs for bass?

A

insert 3mm OD tube or 2mm ID tube 2-3” into female genital opening

  • pressure on belly fills tuve
  • examine at 30x in ovarian fluid
41
Q

how to fertilize bass

A
  • hand stripping
  • usual precautions (no water, blood, feces, light (critical)
  • dry fertilized
  • sperm activates with water
  • use lots of milt
  • add water after stirring
  • drain water and put into incubator with NaCl sol, then drain.
  • add tannic acid, aerate 10 minutes
42
Q

how do you incubate bass?

A
  • usually in McDonald Jars
  • eggs weigh ~1000/g activated
  • 200g/Jar = 200,000/jar
  • flow should roll eggs
  • incubators drain into aovadia or tanks
43
Q

what are the eggs like for white bass?

A

eggs are opaque and adhesive

44
Q

Early rearing for bass

A
  • sac ry are held in aquaria until button up
  • no direct sun
  • fry can feed at 5 days post hatch and must feed by 7 days
  • OR put button ups into blooming pond with rotifers
45
Q

what do you feed early reared bass?

A
  • artemia for striped bass and palmetto bass
  • rotifer for sunshine and white bass
  • need enrichment with omega 3 and 6 fatty acids
46
Q

HUFA

A

highly unsaturated fatty acids

47
Q

what are the three phases for grow-outs?

A

semi intensive enhancement and fry for commercial;
phase 1: juves up to 7.5cm 30-60days
Phase 2: juves 7.5-25cm 5-9months after phase 1
phase 3: juves 25 and yearlings

48
Q

what are the rearing conditions for phase 1 juves?

A
  1. 5 - 2.5 acres ~1m deep
    - usually drained after harvest, limed.
    - for surface water is filtered 250-500u
    - removes predacious insects and fish
    - ponds filled 5-7 days before fish in and fertilized
    - allows rotifers to develop before daphnia and bosmina
    - stock at 15-21*C
    - DO >or greater than 6ppm
    - fertilization and feed rate determined by oxygen
49
Q

when do you transport your fry to the pond in phase 1?

A

at night, 5-10 days post hatch.

50
Q

what is the stocking density for fry in phase 1?

A

100,000 - 600,000 fry/ha

usually 100,000 - 200,000

51
Q

how do you do mort checks for bass in phase 1?

A

i) light: flash light on water at night and count fry seen
ii) caged fry - subsample held and small cages observed
iii) plankton tow: 1mm mesh, specialized distance and count fry

52
Q

when does feeding begin for bass in phase 1?

A
  • 3cm or greater
  • after 3-4weeks
  • fed 2-4 times a day
  • 1-5lb/acre
  • no food in later afternoon
  • fish sampled weekly
53
Q

Harvest for phase 1:

A
  • usually done on cool days
  • usually new fw added
  • DO’s must be hight
  • usually use seine and harvest sump
  • fish dip netted out of sump
  • transport by truck 7-10%o and pure oxygen, CaCl2 @ 100ppm
  • inventory = weight method
54
Q

Phase 2: describe

A
  • same size ponds as phase 1
  • ponds filled, not fertilized
  • phase 1 fish are graded into ponds
  • mort usually float 1-2 days for inventory
55
Q

stocking density for phase 2

A 
for small fish up to 15cm
-25-50,000/acre
for bigger fish up to 25cm 
-10-15,000/acre
density controls size as food is limited
56
Q

how to feed fish in phase 2

A

trout or striped bass food

  • usually use floating pellets
  • 1st month 15-25% bw/d
  • after 2-3weeks food is decreased to 3% bw/d
  • initially fed 3-4x/day, later 2x/day
  • CE=1.5-3.0
57
Q

how often do you sample phase 2 fish?

A

monthly, less in summer

-fish 15cm individual sample

58
Q

why do you sample fish >15cm individually?

A

spine damage

59
Q

growth rate for phase 2 fish

A
  • can reach 100g in 150days at modest density
  • can double at lower densities
  • fish released or put into phase 3
60
Q

Phase 3 general info:

A
  • commercial culture only
  • sometimes ponds or recirc
  • fry purchased. cold banking.
  • most go to restaurants
  • target wt. 500-700g
61
Q

what is cold banking?

A

holding fry at low temp and limited food to produce fish year round

FISH 231 (9 decks)

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