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FISH 231 > life history strategies and reproductive patterns > Flashcards

life history strategies and reproductive patterns Flashcards

1
Q

3 points on iteroparity

A
  • high possibility of adult post spawn survival
  • highly variable fry survival
  • low reproductive investment by the parents. low fercundity
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2
Q

3 points of semelparity

A
  • low adult post spawn survival (think steelhead, thompson river)
  • reliable fry survival
  • large energy investment in gametes
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3
Q

what are the three characteristics of the envolved fish for Balon’s Classification?

A
  • early development of form and function
  • preferred spawning ground and substrate
  • adult reproductive behavior. spawning and incubation
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4
Q

what was the title of the journal entry that balon wrote.

A

reproductive guilds in fishes. a proposal and definition

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5
Q

who discovered halon?

A

Axelrod

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6
Q

what are the 3 categories of reproductive guilds?

A
  • non-guarders
  • guarders
  • bearers
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7
Q

2 types of non-guarders, and some examples of each

A 
Open substrate non-guarders
-Pelagophils
-Lithopelagophils
-Lithophils
Brood hiders
-Lithophils
-Ostracophils
-xerophils
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8
Q

2 types of Guarders, some examples

A 
Substrate choosers
-lithophils
-phytophils
-aerophils
Nest Builders
-Lithophils
-Phytophils
-Aphrophils
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9
Q

2 types of bearers, examples

A 
External
-transfer brooders
-forehead brooders
-mouth brooders
Internal
-ovi-viviparous
-Ovoviviparous
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10
Q

Pelagophils

A

scatter adhesive eggs in open water

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11
Q

Lithopelagophils

A

scatter adhesive or negatively buoyant eggs over rocks and gravel

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12
Q

Lithophils

A

scatter non adhesive eggs over rocks

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13
Q

Phytolithophils

A

prefer to spawn on plants, but also use rocks

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14
Q

Phytophils

A

deposit adhesive eggs onto plants

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15
Q

Psammophils

A

scatter adhesive eggs on sand and fine roots

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16
Q

Spelephils

A

hide non-adhesive eggs in stones and caves

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17
Q

Ostracophils

A

lay eggs in gill chambers of bivalves and ascidians

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18
Q

Aero-psammophils

A

bury eggs in sand and high tide on beaches

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19
Q

xerophils

A

adapted to ponds that dry out during the dry season, eggs survive in mud

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20
Q

Polyphils

A

not preference in nest material

21
Q

Ariadnophiles

A

use kidney secretions to glue plants

22
Q

Actinariophils

A

nest under anemones

23
Q

transfer brooders

A

fish spawn and carry egg to nest site

24
Q

forehead brooders

A

males carry eggs on forehead. males pick em up from females vent

25
Q

mouth brooders

A

one or both sexes brood

26
Q

gill chamber brooder

A

adults can eat while brooding eggs.

27
Q

skin brooders

A

males or females carry fry on skin

28
Q

pouch brooders

A

male has brood pouch and incubates both eggs and fry

29
Q

ovi-oviviparous

A

internal fertilization, eggs deposited. fry get all nutrition from yolk.

30
Q

ovoviviparous

A

internal fertilization and incubation

-larvae released as button up

31
Q

viviparous

A

-internal fertilization, fry released button-up

32
Q

Tilapia:

  • what is their general diet?
  • what family are they a part of?
  • how many genera, what are they?
A
  • vegetarian
  • cichlidae
  • oreochromis
  • sartherodon
  • tilapia
33
Q

what are the reproductive guilds for

  • tilapia
  • sartherodon
  • oreochromis
A

T: nest building lithophores
S: nuclear family mouth brooders
O: arena spawning mouth brooders

34
Q

Tilapia: reproduction and development

A
  • parents form a pair bond - monogamous for 1+ spawnings
  • adhesive eggs in sand nest
  • male guards territory and female guards and fans eggs
  • parent move fry to secondary nests
  • fry leave in 2-3 weeks
  • little sexual dimorphism
35
Q

Sartherodon: reproduction and development

A
  • parents form weak pair bond
  • deposit non-adhesive eggs in sand nest. male fertilizes
  • one or both parents pick up eggs and incubate them
  • some sexual dimorphism
  • fry emerge from mouth at button up and return to mouth at night or when there is a threat.
  • fry stay with parents 2-3 weeks
36
Q

Oreochromis: reproduction and development

A
  • arena spawners
  • male build nest and guard- female school
  • female attracts male, spawns, he fertilizes and picks up and leaves
  • female goes to nursery area or back to female school
  • emerge at button up and stay with female 2-3 weeks
37
Q

egg size and spawn numbers of:
Tilapia
Sartherodon
Orechromis

A

T: 1.2-2mm 1000-6000
Sartherodon 2.4-3mm 100-5000
Oreochromis: 2.8-5mm 25-3000

38
Q

What do T, S and O feed primarily on?

A

T: macrophytes
S+O: Phytoplankton feeders also zooplankton
pick algae off plants
filamentous algae

39
Q

how small are Tilapia’s guts?

A

5-10x body length. small stomach

40
Q

Oreochromis: what spp. cultured?

A
  • niloticus: nile tilapia
  • mossambicus: egyptian mouthbrooder
  • aurea: blue tilapia
  • urolepis hornorum: hornorum
41
Q

history of tilapia culture (old history)

A
  • since 2500bc
  • cultured by the romans
  • st. peters fish
  • biggest culture volume next to carp
  • CHINA IS WORLDS LARGEST PRODUCER OF TILAPIA
42
Q

how to control reproduction of tilapia?

A
  • monosex culture
  • early cropping of single year class
  • predator stocking
  • cage culture
43
Q

6 methods of monosex culturing tilapia

A
  • manual sexing
  • hybrids
  • hormonal sex reversal
  • GMT tilapia
  • triploids
  • high temperarture incubation
44
Q

how do you manually sex oreochromis?

A
  • males longer pointed dorsal and anal fins
  • more developed jaws in males
  • color at breeding (males paler)
  • males larger
  • location of urogenital opening(s)
45
Q

what is the most difficult tilapia to manually sex?

A

tilapia

46
Q

what are the 3 advantages to hybridizing your tilapia?

A
  • do not treat all production fish
  • less expensive (labor, material)
  • better market
47
Q

what are the 3 usual tilapia hybrids, and what is the most common of these three?

A

female O.Mossambicus x male O. hornorun urolepis
female O. niloticus x male O. aurea. MOST COMMON
female O. niloticus x male O. hornorum

48
Q

how many fish in a tank for breeding? tilapia. think tank diagram.

A

1 male/2m^2 surface= 200males
+ 400-600females
200-400g each

49
Q

in 3 cycles thru pond, over one year, how many tilapia fry will you get?

A

1.5 million, 2-3000 fry/female

FISH 231 (9 decks)

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