life history strategies and reproductive patterns Flashcards by Monica Redmond

3 points on iteroparity

high possibility of adult post spawn survival
highly variable fry survival
low reproductive investment by the parents. low fercundity

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3 points of semelparity

low adult post spawn survival (think steelhead, thompson river)
reliable fry survival
large energy investment in gametes

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what are the three characteristics of the envolved fish for Balon’s Classification?

early development of form and function
preferred spawning ground and substrate
adult reproductive behavior. spawning and incubation

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what was the title of the journal entry that balon wrote.

reproductive guilds in fishes. a proposal and definition

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who discovered halon?

Axelrod

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what are the 3 categories of reproductive guilds?

non-guarders
guarders
bearers

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2 types of non-guarders, and some examples of each

Open substrate non-guarders
-Pelagophils
-Lithopelagophils
-Lithophils
Brood hiders
-Lithophils
-Ostracophils
-xerophils

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2 types of Guarders, some examples

Substrate choosers
-lithophils
-phytophils
-aerophils
Nest Builders
-Lithophils
-Phytophils
-Aphrophils

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2 types of bearers, examples

External
-transfer brooders
-forehead brooders
-mouth brooders
Internal
-ovi-viviparous
-Ovoviviparous

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Pelagophils

scatter adhesive eggs in open water

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Lithopelagophils

scatter adhesive or negatively buoyant eggs over rocks and gravel

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Lithophils

scatter non adhesive eggs over rocks

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Phytolithophils

prefer to spawn on plants, but also use rocks

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Phytophils

deposit adhesive eggs onto plants

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Psammophils

scatter adhesive eggs on sand and fine roots

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Spelephils

hide non-adhesive eggs in stones and caves

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Ostracophils

lay eggs in gill chambers of bivalves and ascidians

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Aero-psammophils

bury eggs in sand and high tide on beaches

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xerophils

adapted to ponds that dry out during the dry season, eggs survive in mud

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Polyphils

not preference in nest material

Ariadnophiles

use kidney secretions to glue plants

Actinariophils

nest under anemones

transfer brooders

fish spawn and carry egg to nest site

forehead brooders

males carry eggs on forehead. males pick em up from females vent

mouth brooders

one or both sexes brood

gill chamber brooder

adults can eat while brooding eggs.

skin brooders

males or females carry fry on skin

pouch brooders

male has brood pouch and incubates both eggs and fry

ovi-oviviparous

internal fertilization, eggs deposited. fry get all nutrition from yolk.

ovoviviparous

internal fertilization and incubation | -larvae released as button up

viviparous

-internal fertilization, fry released button-up

Tilapia: - what is their general diet? - what family are they a part of? - how many genera, what are they?

- vegetarian - cichlidae - oreochromis - sartherodon - tilapia

what are the reproductive guilds for - tilapia - sartherodon - oreochromis

T: nest building lithophores S: nuclear family mouth brooders O: arena spawning mouth brooders

Tilapia: reproduction and development

- parents form a pair bond - monogamous for 1+ spawnings - adhesive eggs in sand nest - male guards territory and female guards and fans eggs - parent move fry to secondary nests - fry leave in 2-3 weeks - little sexual dimorphism

Sartherodon: reproduction and development

- parents form weak pair bond - deposit non-adhesive eggs in sand nest. male fertilizes - one or both parents pick up eggs and incubate them - some sexual dimorphism - fry emerge from mouth at button up and return to mouth at night or when there is a threat. - fry stay with parents 2-3 weeks

Oreochromis: reproduction and development

- arena spawners - male build nest and guard- female school - female attracts male, spawns, he fertilizes and picks up and leaves - female goes to nursery area or back to female school - emerge at button up and stay with female 2-3 weeks

egg size and spawn numbers of: Tilapia Sartherodon Orechromis

T: 1.2-2mm 1000-6000 Sartherodon 2.4-3mm 100-5000 Oreochromis: 2.8-5mm 25-3000

What do T, S and O feed primarily on?

T: macrophytes S+O: Phytoplankton feeders also zooplankton pick algae off plants filamentous algae

how small are Tilapia's guts?

5-10x body length. small stomach

Oreochromis: what spp. cultured?

- niloticus: nile tilapia - mossambicus: egyptian mouthbrooder - aurea: blue tilapia - urolepis hornorum: hornorum

history of tilapia culture (old history)

- since 2500bc - cultured by the romans - st. peters fish - biggest culture volume next to carp - CHINA IS WORLDS LARGEST PRODUCER OF TILAPIA

how to control reproduction of tilapia?

- monosex culture - early cropping of single year class - predator stocking - cage culture

6 methods of monosex culturing tilapia

- manual sexing - hybrids - hormonal sex reversal - GMT tilapia - triploids - high temperarture incubation

how do you manually sex oreochromis?

- males longer pointed dorsal and anal fins - more developed jaws in males - color at breeding (males paler) - males larger - location of urogenital opening(s)

what is the most difficult tilapia to manually sex?

tilapia

what are the 3 advantages to hybridizing your tilapia?

- do not treat all production fish - less expensive (labor, material) - better market

what are the 3 usual tilapia hybrids, and what is the most common of these three?

female O.Mossambicus x male O. hornorun urolepis female O. niloticus x male O. aurea. MOST COMMON female O. niloticus x male O. hornorum

how many fish in a tank for breeding? tilapia. think tank diagram.

1 male/2m^2 surface= 200males + 400-600females 200-400g each

in 3 cycles thru pond, over one year, how many tilapia fry will you get?

1.5 million, 2-3000 fry/female