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FISH 231 > pond dynamics and whatnot. > Flashcards

pond dynamics and whatnot. Flashcards

1
Q

what does pH control for pond dynamics?

A

phisiology
enzyme reactions
O2 loading of blood
NH3 toxicity

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2
Q

what three things can pH change result from?

A

i) respiration
ii) photosynthesis
iii) nitrification

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3
Q

what are the 2 main limes?

A 
Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2
Calcite/Calcium Carbonate CaCO3
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4
Q

when carbon dioxide is removed by photosynthesis, the equilibrium shift left. What happens to calcite and dolomite?

A

they may precipitate

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5
Q

What happens to carbonates and pH in sediments?

A

they change.

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6
Q

what are sediments?

A

primarily clay and organic debris

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7
Q

adding carbon dioxide to ponds with cations exchanges what?

A

clays, other cation exchanges also occur. Al+3 most important.

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8
Q

what happens to pH in newly flooded ponds?

A

they have a lower pH over a short time.

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9
Q

Photosynthesis:

  • during the day CO2 is removed and what increases?
  • during the night CO2 is added and what drops?
A

pH

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10
Q

During photosynthesis, when all the CO2 is used, what levels can pH get to?

A

8.3,

as much as 10, using CO3 as a carbon source.

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11
Q

if alkalinity is low, what will stop as carbon limiting?

A

photosynthesis

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12
Q

For nitrification, what enters water via N2 Fixation?

A

N

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13
Q

N becomes what in aquatic organisms?

A

Protein

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14
Q

Protein de-aminated puts what in water?

A

NH3

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15
Q

If NH3 is not incorporated in plants, what happens to it?

A

oxidized by bacteria

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16
Q

What are the three reasons for liming?***

A

i: kill soil pathogens
ii: increased buffering capacity
iii: provide C for photosynthesis

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17
Q

regarding the extent of effects, what occurs with high or low alkalinity?

A

dramatic effects with low, no effect with high

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18
Q

when observing alkalinity levels, when would you choose to lime?

A

when less than 20ppm

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19
Q

when would dramatic effects occur in regards to alkalinity levels?

A

dramatic effects when less or equal to 5ppm. less as it approaches 20ppm

20
Q

name the 4 types of limes

A

calcite,
dolomite
calcium hydroxide
calcium oxide

21
Q

What must you keep in mind for purity amongst limes?

A

that limes ay not be pure and this must be accounted for.

22
Q

what is the efficiency rating of limes based on?

A

particle size. Smaller is more efficient, particles <1/4mm are 100% efficient

23
Q

what are the four categories of particle sizes for lime, and on what size mesh can they be retained on?

A

> 1.7mm, 10mesh screen
1.69-0.85mm, 20 mesh screen
0.84-0.25mm, 60 mesh screen
<0.24mm, pass 60 mesh screen. 100% efficiency

24
Q

to estimate the application rate of lime, you must account for what 3 factors? ***

A

i: neutralizing value
ii: purity
iii: efficiency

25
Q

how deep would you sample mud for acidity sampling, and why?

A

the top 15cm, because limes react up to this depth

26
Q

how many mud samples would you take for a pond 1ha? ( i think, double check with jer)

A

1ha = 24 samples

27
Q

if you add manures, what should you add with it? why?

A

add with calcite.

elevated CO2 helps solution.

28
Q

would you drain the pond before fertilizing?

A

if possible

29
Q

3 general steps for applying lime

A

spread evenly
disc into bottom
more caustic CaO + CaOH - for sterilization

30
Q

fertilizing pond, chemically, are rated by the content of what three nutrients? ***

A

nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content

31
Q

how would you read the numbers ‘20,20,20’? ***

A

20% nitrogen, 20% phosphorus, 20% potassium content. the rest usually made up of calcium carbonate

32
Q

what are the three most easily used forms of nutrients used by plants?

A

Ammonia and ammonium
Orthophosphate
Potassium salts

33
Q

Solubility of lime is controlled by what 5 factors?

A

i: water depth
ii: particle size
iii: solubility constant of salts
iv: temperature
v: sinking rate

34
Q

what are organic fertilizers?

A

manure, plant processing waste, chapped plants.

35
Q

how do organic fertilizers compare to chemical?

A

low nutrients and high water content. usually only one nutrient lacking. Productivity increase goes down as you successively add more fertilizer

36
Q

Graph the relation between productivity and increased fertilizer

A

ok :D

37
Q

Usually _______ phytoplankton blooms at one time

A

only one

38
Q

What occurs when nutrient levels change in regard to fertilization and phytoplankton blooms? (images on notes)

A

later second species will bloom as nutrient levels change

39
Q

big phytoplankton: _______ need high nutrients

small phytoplankton: _________ need low nutrients

A

diatoms

flagellates

40
Q

what type of phytoplankton bloom has the lowest concentration of N?

A

blue green

41
Q

In FW, what has the first limiting nutrient? what has the second?

A

P is first, N is second

42
Q

if P is > 2ppm in high oxygen water, what may happen?

A

form calcium phosphate and precipitate out

43
Q

what are the chemical fertilizer application amounts for P, N?

A

3-9kg phosphate/ha
1-3kg ammonia N /ha
every 2-3 weeks,
if no bloom results, check alkalinity. C may be limited

44
Q

3 methods of assessing productivity:

A
  • monitoring Chlor A - florometry
  • dark bottle/light bottle methods
  • secchi disc: 20-30cm depth ideal
45
Q

what is the ideal depth for secchi disk?

A

20-30cm

46
Q

Why is neutralizing value?

A

Amount of acidity removed per unit weight of the lime

47
Q

How does the neutralizing value change from calcite to calcium oxide?

A

It increases 1.00-1.79

FISH 231 (9 decks)

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