pond dynamics and whatnot.

Question 1

what does pH control for pond dynamics?

Answer 1

phisiology
enzyme reactions
O2 loading of blood
NH3 toxicity

Question 2

what three things can pH change result from?

Answer 2

i) respiration
ii) photosynthesis
iii) nitrification

Question 3

what are the 2 main limes?

Answer 3

Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2
Calcite/Calcium Carbonate CaCO3

Question 4

when carbon dioxide is removed by photosynthesis, the equilibrium shift left. What happens to calcite and dolomite?

Answer 4

they may precipitate

Question 5

What happens to carbonates and pH in sediments?

Answer 5

they change.

Question 6

what are sediments?

Answer 6

primarily clay and organic debris

Question 7

adding carbon dioxide to ponds with cations exchanges what?

Answer 7

clays, other cation exchanges also occur. Al+3 most important.

Question 8

what happens to pH in newly flooded ponds?

Answer 8

they have a lower pH over a short time.

Question 9

Photosynthesis:

• during the day CO2 is removed and what increases?
• during the night CO2 is added and what drops?

Answer 9

pH

Question 10

During photosynthesis, when all the CO2 is used, what levels can pH get to?

Answer 10

8.3,

as much as 10, using CO3 as a carbon source.

Question 11

if alkalinity is low, what will stop as carbon limiting?

Answer 11

photosynthesis

Question 12

For nitrification, what enters water via N2 Fixation?

Answer 12

N

Question 13

N becomes what in aquatic organisms?

Answer 13

Protein

Question 14

Protein de-aminated puts what in water?

Answer 14

NH3

Question 15

If NH3 is not incorporated in plants, what happens to it?

Answer 15

oxidized by bacteria

Question 16

What are the three reasons for liming?***

Answer 16

i: kill soil pathogens
ii: increased buffering capacity
iii: provide C for photosynthesis

Question 17

regarding the extent of effects, what occurs with high or low alkalinity?

Answer 17

dramatic effects with low, no effect with high

Question 18

when observing alkalinity levels, when would you choose to lime?

Answer 18

when less than 20ppm

Question 19

when would dramatic effects occur in regards to alkalinity levels?

Answer 19

dramatic effects when less or equal to 5ppm. less as it approaches 20ppm

Question 20

name the 4 types of limes

Answer 20

calcite,
dolomite
calcium hydroxide
calcium oxide

Question 21

What must you keep in mind for purity amongst limes?

Answer 21

that limes ay not be pure and this must be accounted for.

Question 22

what is the efficiency rating of limes based on?

Answer 22

particle size. Smaller is more efficient, particles <1/4mm are 100% efficient

Question 23

what are the four categories of particle sizes for lime, and on what size mesh can they be retained on?

Answer 23

> 1.7mm, 10mesh screen
1.69-0.85mm, 20 mesh screen
0.84-0.25mm, 60 mesh screen
<0.24mm, pass 60 mesh screen. 100% efficiency

Question 24

to estimate the application rate of lime, you must account for what 3 factors? ***

Answer 24

i: neutralizing value
ii: purity
iii: efficiency

Question 25

how deep would you sample mud for acidity sampling, and why?

Answer 25

the top 15cm, because limes react up to this depth

Question 26

how many mud samples would you take for a pond 1ha? ( i think, double check with jer)

Answer 26

1ha = 24 samples

Question 27

if you add manures, what should you add with it? why?

Answer 27

add with calcite. | elevated CO2 helps solution.

Question 28

would you drain the pond before fertilizing?

Answer 28

if possible

Question 29

3 general steps for applying lime

Answer 29

spread evenly disc into bottom more caustic CaO + CaOH - for sterilization

Question 30

fertilizing pond, chemically, are rated by the content of what three nutrients? ***

Answer 30

nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content

Question 31

how would you read the numbers '20,20,20'? ***

Answer 31

20% nitrogen, 20% phosphorus, 20% potassium content. the rest usually made up of calcium carbonate

Question 32

what are the three most easily used forms of nutrients used by plants?

Answer 32

Ammonia and ammonium Orthophosphate Potassium salts

Question 33

Solubility of lime is controlled by what 5 factors?

Answer 33

i: water depth ii: particle size iii: solubility constant of salts iv: temperature v: sinking rate

Question 34

what are organic fertilizers?

Answer 34

manure, plant processing waste, chapped plants.

Question 35

how do organic fertilizers compare to chemical?

Answer 35

low nutrients and high water content. usually only one nutrient lacking. Productivity increase goes down as you successively add more fertilizer

Question 36

Graph the relation between productivity and increased fertilizer

Answer 36

ok :D

Question 37

Usually _______ phytoplankton blooms at one time

Answer 37

only one

Question 38

What occurs when nutrient levels change in regard to fertilization and phytoplankton blooms? (images on notes)

Answer 38

later second species will bloom as nutrient levels change

Question 39

big phytoplankton: _______ need high nutrients | small phytoplankton: _________ need low nutrients

Answer 39

diatoms | flagellates

Question 40

what type of phytoplankton bloom has the lowest concentration of N?

Answer 40

blue green

Question 41

In FW, what has the first limiting nutrient? what has the second?

Answer 41

P is first, N is second

Question 42

if P is > 2ppm in high oxygen water, what may happen?

Answer 42

form calcium phosphate and precipitate out

Question 43

what are the chemical fertilizer application amounts for P, N?

Answer 43

3-9kg phosphate/ha 1-3kg ammonia N /ha every 2-3 weeks, if no bloom results, check alkalinity. C may be limited

Question 44

3 methods of assessing productivity:

Answer 44

- monitoring Chlor A - florometry - dark bottle/light bottle methods - secchi disc: 20-30cm depth ideal

Question 45

what is the ideal depth for secchi disk?

Answer 45

20-30cm

Question 46

Why is neutralizing value?

Answer 46

Amount of acidity removed per unit weight of the lime

Question 47

How does the neutralizing value change from calcite to calcium oxide?

Answer 47

It increases 1.00-1.79