Pre 1867 Final Flashcards
The Fall of New France
La Conquete “The Conquest”
- Indian/ Seven years.
The British taking over the New France
-1760
- French military/militia, FN allies vs. the British.
- Fights occured in now Canada
- These are called the French Indian Wars which are the North American part to the Seven Years war between France, Britain and their allies.
Background to the Fall
- Incomplete Conquest
French, English and FN pawns in European powers wanting domination.
- Rivaly between France/Britain - economics, politics and military.
- Led to Inidan and 7 yrs war.
- Argued “incomplete conquest” led to Quebec sovereignty movement yrs later.
The British Forces
- Ohio Valley
- Canadiens
Brits attack French settlements in Ohio Valley before official declaration.
- French military in the colony had previously been recalled. Most militia left.
- Brits better weapons, troops, and supply.
French Canadians fighting for selves
- Not connected to France anymore
- France abandons them after conquest
- View themselves as Canadiens
- United by language and catholic church.
Indigenous Troops
Huge help for French as allied with many FN
- Mi’kmaq
- Algonquin
- Ottawa
- Shawnee
Brits loosley allied with Iroquois
Why FN allied with France?
- Fur trade
- Kept up gift giving and reaffirming alliances
- Sold guns to non-Christian FN allies
- Many converted via Jesuits and Ursuline Nuns - another French connection.
- Brits larger and wanted expansion
French/FN Troops vs Brits
- French/FN outnumbered
- Fought Guerilla tactics
- Brits forced to use Blue Water Strategy
- Use navy to cut off French supply lines in Atlantic ocean
- French retreated and fought Plains of Abraham battle in 1759 and captured in 1760.
- NF put under military rule until 1763 when 7 yrs war over via Treaty of Paris.
- Britsh get the territory except….
What parts did France Keep
St. Pierre and Miquelon
- Fishing ports
- Brits did not care as France focused on other colonies
- Brits had superior navy
Treaty of Paris - Aftermath
- 13 Colonies and Proclamation 1763
- Gov’t Type
Brits goal to get area ready for 13 colony settlers
Proclamation of 1763
- Imposed criminal/civil law
- Women lost French rights
Wanted to set up rep gov’t, but never happened.
- become top-down monarchy structure
Treaty of Paris - Aftermath
- Catholics
Ongoing fight between Protestants and Catholics for spiritual territory.
British law - No Catholics allowed in gov’t, practice law, or jury.
Last Quebec bishop appointed by Pope died in 1760
- Bishop assigne priests/parishes
- Pope to appoint Bishop, but Brits said no - viewed as foreign leader.
Treaty of Paris - Aftermath
- James Murray
First Quebec Governor for Brits
- Protestant and practical
- Used loophole in Proclamation to set up council with French reps instead of Brits rep govt.
- Set up legal system maintaining much french law
- Stacked middle court - Court of Common Pleas with French people.
- Instructed to use French civil law as much as possible
- Civil matters little change, but women still lost rights.
Treay of Paris - Aftermath
- Murray and Bishop Briand
- Why Murray Flexible?
Murray careful and got Canadiens their bishop
- Selected Jean Briand over Popes choice
- Brit law made Briand “superintendent” over Catholic church
Murray was flexible
- Did not want uprise
- Could have been 14th rebellious colony
- Admired habitant settlers
- Hated anglophone businessmen in Montreal
Murray lost his job as they wanted asembly to reflect British interests.
The Quebec Act of 1774
- Guy Carlton
Murray’s successor
- Followed same plan
Wanted all they did in law - created Quebec Act
- Freedom of religion
- Catholics allowed to collect tithes
- Catholics to hold office if swear minor oath to King
- French language protected
- New Canadien civil code - mix Fr/Br
Quebec Act Cont.
- Compromises
- Big Impact
Compromises
- British criminal Law
- Taxed spirits and molasses
- Extended colonial control westward
Biggest impact was Quebec cont. being ruled by a council with mixed cultures.
- 13 colonies mad about taxed without rep.
- Wanted frontier open without interferrence.
- Act listed as intolerable - part of lead to American Revolution.
Effects of Conquest on FN
- Royal Proclamation
First section about what Brits owed FN people.
- Considered subjects
- Huge lands set aside for them
- No settler could claim land in FN territory.
- Land only sold to gov’t
- Had to get a license to trade with FN.
These rules gave the gov’t control.
Effects of Conquest Cont.
- FN View
- FN did not see themselves as subjects or allies
- Brits seen as threat
- French followed protocol and took uninhabited land.
- French intermarried
- Brits wanted FN to act as conquered
- Gov General Amherst stopped gift exchanges.
- Conflicts between traditional life and new settlers.
Pontiac’s War
1763-67
Named after Ottawa Chief Obwandiyag
- FN groups formed to protect ancestrial claims to land.
- Took 9 frontier forts
- killed 2500 settlers/military
- Took Fort Detroit and Duquesne
- Traitors - but never signed treaty
-
Pontiac’s War
- Gov. Amherst Response
Amherst did unthinkable
- Mentioned sending smallpox
- Distributed blankets via gifts
- Debates on if germ war on purpose, but generally accept he knew.
- Disease and other factors crumbled coalition.
- Peace agreed on
- FN do not give up land titles
Following Proclamation
1764
Meeting in Niagra with 200 chiefs
- Two wampum belts became basis of modern indigenous land claims.
- Claims still on-going.
Life in British North America and the Effects of the American Revolution
- New PP
American Revolution and Loyalist Migration
American Revolution
- Began 1775
- divided people of 13 colonies
- Patriots: People wanting to break from Britain
- Loyalists: People wanting to stay and negotiate.
Patriots assumed French Habitants would join them.
- Canadiens tired from conflict
- Murray and Carlton treated them good
- But not willing to fight against patriots either.
Patriots and Quebec
- Invasions
Patriots had propoganda campaigne - Some Anglophone supporters until invasions.
Then patriots invade Quebec in two attempts
- 1775 Montgomery and patriots take Montreal
- 1776 Montgomery and Benedict Arnold try taking Quebec
American Rev and Loyalist Migration Cont.
- Impacts
- Why Loyalists Never Supported
Biggest impact was loyalist migration to Canada.
- 80-100,000 left colonies and half to BNA
- Wealthy back to Britain
- Most who came to Canada were farmers, merchants, or poor.
Loyalists: Brit born settlers in colony who did not supprt revolution because:
- Personal connections to Crown
- Loyalty to Crown
- feared chaotic aftermath of war
- Felt colonies should negotiate
Three Groups of Loyalists
- Women and Minor Children
- Legally/socially tied to husbands choice of loyalist/patriot.
- Bore more hardship then husband
- Men joined military/militia and women ran business and farms
- Hostile territory - patriot neighbors abused them.
- Eventually fled to Brit troops of BNA
- Pack light for hard journey
- Journey length depended on relationship with FN, luck and weather.
- Reunited with husband after war
- lived in refugee camps outside quebec
- made wards of the state
Three Groups of Loyalists
- Indigenous Allies - Why Against Patriots?
Why some ally with Brits against Patriots?
- Patriots land hungry
- Patriots against land grants from Proclamation and Quebec Act.
- Mohawks had kin relations
- Loyalist leader Joseph Brant’s sister married William Johnson - super of Indian Affairs and they brought back gift giving with Mohawk so they would join Brits.
Indigenous Allies Cont.
- Patriot Claims
- What They Got
Patritos called them savages
Patriots claimed Mohawk were traitors of tricked by Brits - not true
- Myth used by founding fathers to smear Brits and invade future FN land claims.
- BY end of revolution Brits had many treaties with FN.
- Iroquois given land plots amongst loyalists in Upper Canada.
- Mohawks get lots of land along grand River
Loyalists and FN in BNA
- Why FN Agreed to Encroachment
Had to make treaties with FN in BNA
FN agreed to encroachment because:
- Loyalist pop small
- Settlement would keep Brits in area and Americans out
- Treaties had many gifts including guns and ammunition.
How did Loyalist Migration Effect Canada?
- Upper
- Lower
- Maritimes
Quebec split into upper/lower Canada
Upper
- More anglophone
- took Brit civil law - lack women rights
Lower
- Kept Coutome De Paris (Custom of Paris)
- Women more civil property rights: landowning widows right to vote.
Maritimes
- 30,000 Loyalists
- Many black loyalists
- Swamp existing populations and set new social/cultural norms.
Life in British North America
- Upper and Lower Canada (New PP)
- Population
- Who and Loyalist Wants
1790-1850
- Population from 250,000 - 3.5 million
- Francophones natural increase mostly
- Lots of immigration - Loyalists, Americans, Scots.
Loyalists wanting to relplace amenities from 13 colonies:
Newspapers
- Quebec Mercury
- Montreal Herald
- Le Canadien
Newspapers political vehicles used to promote political views of owners.
Loyalist Wants
- Schooling
- Mohawk Institute
- More non-catholic options for boys and girls
- 1847 first normal school in Toronto
First Mohawk Institute res school in 1831.
- Day school first
- Volunary
- requested by Mohawks - train kids for future
- Minor abuse until confederation and religious contracts
- After confederation - forced enrollment with NWMP backup.
- Early volunteer schools training grounds for assimilation.
Life in BNA
- Daily Life
- Why House Important
Similar to NFL and New France
- More focus in urban development
Adult Life Tasks
- Build house unless poor/servant. Called “going into houskeeping”
- Marriage delayed until husband could afford house
House is centre of commerce and production.
- attached to farm or cottage industry
- Urband centre people still produce house products and food
- Sheep eventually brought in for clothing.
Life in BNA
- Servants
Women productive work done with help of neighbors or servants.
- Keeping/training servants difficult
- labour shortage gave them power
- Male servants had outside opportunities
- Female servants could bargain for better pay/hours
- Servant girls poor Americans or Irish
- Often left after trained
- Cooks hard to find
- Receipe books created for slaves and women.
Life in BNA
- Elite Immigrants
- Catherin Parr Traill and Books
Lack of classes in BNA, esp. in bush.
- Catherine elite from Britain
- Came in 1832
Wrote
- “Backwoods of Canada: Being Lettersfrom the wife of an Emigrant Officer 1836.”
- The Canadian Crusoes: A tail of the Rice Lake Plains
- The Female Emigrant’s Guide, and Hints on Canadian Housekeeping
Catherin Traill and Neighbors
- Ridiculed neighbors in books for poor manners or different speech
- Recognized neighbors better equiped for settlement.
- Class more obvious in Montreal but still relied on neighbors
- Able to due to small social circles
- Practical help like delivering mail in town.
BNA Entertainment
Urban BNA lacked Opera and theatre
- Visiting was entertainment
- Public and Elite balls popular
- Class eventually stratified via time, but still fuzzy margains.
Acadian Expulsions
(New PP)
Acadia
French settlement in Maritime Canada
- Now called Maine
- Malseet
- Iroqouis
Acadia Background
- Part of and Justified?
Expulsions part of French Indian War 1754-63 and Seven year war 1756-63
- Acadia pawn in these events
Big Question
- We the expulsions justified?
Early Settlement
- Who did it Bring?
Settlers relied on the Mi’kmaq for survival
- Arrived in poor health
- Mi’kmaq used to fishers/traders
- Acadians did not take land, reclaimed it with dykes
Settlement attracted catholic missionaries who lived among the Mi’kmaq
- Recollets baptized Chief Henri Membertous
- Jesuits take over
Agriculture
- Dykes
- Bay of Fundy
- Learned in France
- Reclaim swamps via dykes easier than clearing
Bay of Fundy = high/low tides
- High tides - rivers overflow and enrich bank.
- Here, it is salt water - kills crops
- So we have nutrients, but salt.
- Built dykes around perimeter to stop flooding.
- Rain/snow washes away salt and leaves nutrients
- Surplus of wheat and fruit
Livestock
Salt hay/Spartina grew on seaward side of dykes.
- Fed cattle/sheep in winter
- Benefit as New England had to slaughter and re-buy cattle yearly due to no feed.
- Pigs forages forest and given chicken scraps.
- Pigs slaughtered in fall and preserved for winter.
Acadia and Jesuit Orders
- Why Successful?
Jesuits very successful
- Past experience in Asia
- Affiliated with nuns to convert women/children.
- FN did not have to change lifestyle to convert.
- Lived with FN tribes to learn culture and language.
Mi’kmaq and Early Settlement
- Priest Role
- Belief System
Catholic priest lived with them to learn
- intermediaries between them and settlers
- Press maintained crucial links between settlers and FN
- Mi’kmaq adopted Jesus and Christianity into their belief system originally.
- Know conversion had benefits
- Acadians do not recognize land claims between France and Britain (not their problem)
Acadian - Golden Age
1654-1745
1654-1745
- Dispite land claims, settlement left largely alone by Crown
- Not forced into military
- Local politics structure lives - very independent
- Policy focus on neutrality - odd relationship to 13 colonies
- Subject to raids, but could trade wheat for tobacco and cloth
Acadian Day to Day Life
- Living System
Seigneurial system (New France)
- Landlords have little power
- Abundant game/wood = dont pay for hunt/gathering
- Supplemented by fur trade (small) and fish trade (big)
- Landlords hate building bake ovens and mills as destroyed in English raids.
- Jesuit priests provided law and order and negotiated disputes
Day to Day Cont.
- Houses
- Family System
- Small houses with thatched roof
- 8-10 children in house
- Patriarchal system, but French civil laws for women
- Neighbors usually related
Communal Life
- Helped each other with dykes, harvest, house building (NF did not)
- local self-reliance increased independent feelings
Day to Day Cont.
- Society Growth
- Grew via natural increase
- Low infant mortality and long life
- Better nutrition compared to French peasants (sim to NF)
- Isolation kept them from disease (NF had disease)
- Tight kinship groups, less unique DNA
Mi’kmaq Importance During Conflict
1700s friction increace between France and Britain
- Concern over relationship strength of Mi’kmaq and settlers.
- Argued this pushed towards expulsion strategy
- Brits thought Mi’kmaq would join forces with settlers and resist British settlement
Le Grand Derangement
- Gov Charles Lawrence
July 28, 1755 expulsion process starts.
- Remove 6-10,000 from homes
- 1000 hid in forest
- Become known as le grand degrangement = the Great Upheaval
- Youtube video
Le Grand Derangement
- Start Process - Grand Pre
- Men and boys 10+ called to location for announcement
- Announcement = being forced off lands
- pack up cash and household goods
- Land and livestock left for King
Lawrence acted without superior consent.
- Men imprisoned for over month
- Don’t want rebellion
- Grand Pre = 428 men placed onto transport ships or church - John Winslow Diaries - soldier
Le Grand Derangement
- Grand Pre
Winslow master of psychological warfare
- Men hostage to control women
- Women to bring food to soldiers/prisoner - refuse and prisoners don’t eat.
To keep men in line
- Put kids on transport ships
- Harvest over and more ships arrived - second phase of deportation
- Burned town after evacuation
- Outside Grand Pre - prisoners occasionally freed and hidden by Mi’kmaq
Le Grand Derangement
- Plan for Acadians
- Ship Conditions
- Divide them up with 13 colonies to avoid rebellion
- Law made that they could not leave area
Ship conditions - no pre-planning
- poor provisions
- mostly cargo ships
- lots of disease - first exposure
- thousands died
Le Grand Derangement
-Resettlement
- Towns usually hostile to them due to wars with France and catholics
- Acadians a drain on society
- Many died of starvation or in swamp lands
- Children sold as indentured servants until age 21
- Risked jail to get to Quebec, but later New France also fell.
Second Expulsion
- Acadian Dispora
1758 - find the people hiding in forest
- Taken back to France or Britain
- Atlantic crossing still bad and many died
- Back in europe - many emigrated to louisiana - previous French colony and had many French people
- Some sent to Cajun as insult, but later adopted by Acadians
- Acadian Dispora (disperal of people from homeland) forms subculture with own dialect, food, music
- 1764 some Acadians allowed to go to Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island
Conclusion
- Robust group
- No help in early settlement led to no loyalty to France or Britain
- Target due to good land and relationship with Mi’kmaq
Expulsions = high human cost
- Many died due to disease, starvation, drowning.
- Loss of lands and home
- Seperation of families
War of 1812
(New Slide)
Background
- Who Won
- Historian Views?
Question: Who won?
- End of war - Treaty of Ghent puts things back to the way they were.
- BUT political, economic, and social changes
Military Historians
- Brits successes such as burning white house, beaver damns, etc.
- But Americans had successes and emerged as superpower
- Win for Canada - see themselves as emerging nation and coined term Canadian
- Canadians fractured before/after war - 1840 before using war to create unity
No clear winners, but many victims
Background
- Why Canadian Involvement
Pulled in due to European events
- Napoleonic wars 1799-1815
- France and Britain trying to control Atlantic trade
- Lingering hostility between USA and Brits
- Many Brits jump to US navy
- Brit captains jump on ships and force them back - don’t recognize US citizenship
Background
- Chesapeake Affair 1807
Brit sailors join US navy and serve on the Chesapeake
- Brit commander Leopold demands board to take his men back
- Chesapeake commander refuses
- Leopold fires killing many and then boards and takes men
- USA outrage
Background
- At same time
Brits dragging feet removing military and colonial posts in lands given to USA
- Concerned about future invasions to Canada
- Places of traditional gift giving with FN
- Hoping to force USA to create treat with FN. This would create a buffer state between them and Brits.
Background Cont.
- Tecumseh and Confederacy
USA already in conflict FN over settlement
- Led by Shawnee warrior - Tecumseh
- Supported by his brothers visions (Tenskwatawa)
- Vision of land belonging to FN
- Built Pan-Indig confederacy to repel settlement
- war of 1812 continuation of conflict for FN
- Joined Brits hoping they would give them more land protection.
Background Conclusion
- USA Retaliation.
- War Hawks
- USA brings everything together and paints it as harassment by Britain
- War Hawks (Group of politicians) push for retaliation. Really looking for excuse to get more land from Canada.
- Convinced Pres. James Madison that Canadians would welcome invasion and be conquered easily due to many Americans living there for cheap taxes and land.
- BUT those Americans did not support invasion as tired of conflict.
Victims
- Upper Canada (Niagara Region)
- Why not Lower?
Lands on borders of Great Lakes between both countries
- Some trade folks benefited (blacksmiths)
- But most in this region lost homes/livelyhood.
- Homes used main theatre
- Lower Canada protected by sea and Quebec City fortress
- USA general in charge of invading Lower were dumb
Victims - Upper
USA Burning System
USA burned everything behind them
- Infrastructure to prevent movement
- Stop towns provind aid to Brits
- Destroyed forges and mills
- shoot livestock
- Meant to demoralize people, but really more joined militia against Americans
Burning Cont.
- Justified?
- Niagara
No as most towns near American forts
- Claimed town used as base to ceige fort
- 1813 Niagara town burned - to close to Fort George, but Fort was going to be abandoned anyways.
- Settlers given 30 minutes to grab stuff.
- House values - 37,625 pounds
Victims - Upper Cont.
- Brits Problems and Wages
American looted homes
- Supplement wages
Brits also caused hardship
- Burned infrastructure
Brits big problem
- Feeding soldiers
- Rations gave 2700 calories
- Soldiers need 6-7000
- 1.5 pounds bread, 1 pound meat, 1/2 gill of rum
Brits given wages to help
- Buy from settlers
- settlers refused - needed food
- If sold, it was bad food for high price
- Indig allies and horses/oxen needed food
- War slowed agricultre and caused inflation
Brits/Indig Response to Problem
Declare martial law
- Force settler to give food
- Started stealing
- Viewed as their right as Upper Canada citizens not helping enough
- Stealing food became game called Hooking
- Dismantled buildings for firewood.
Compensations
- Settlers
- Act of Union 1840
Many lost homes and livelyhood
- Comp hard to get
- Upper Canada had no money
- Brit gov’t tried, but failed due to corruption
- Upper Canada helped veterans, but bankrupts province
Act of Union 1840
- Used to join Upper and Lower
- Spread debt equally
Victims of War - British Veterans
Soldiers and militia never got benefits
- No money/red tape
- Some got land grants - poor land
Militia don’t get land, benefits, pensions in 1875
- Few living still
- Only 50,000 set aside
- Most living on public charity
No medals granted. Some destroyed 15 yrs later as not properly awarded.
Victims - Soldiers of Colour
- Robert and Robert
Called Coloured Corps
- mostly free men scared of being enslaved again
- Some slaves brought with loyalists
Robert Pierpoint
- see video
- not given command
- Robert Runchey got it - treated them bad - serve as servants to white soldiers
- Faced racism and segregation
- Those who got land grants got half the size and the worst land.
Victims of War - Indigenous Allies
- Battle of Thames
- Tecumseh
Brits would have failed without their help early on.
- Filled in roles before Brit soldiers could arrive after war declaration.
- Indig leaders excellent strategists and cut off US supply lines and led ambushes.
Battle of Thames
- Kills Tecumseh
- Incompetent Brit commander - Henry Proctor
- First shots killed 43 Red Coats - Line broke and Proctors men flee
- Tecumseh in front and shot - Americans take trophies from his body
- Pre-Indig confederacy breaks in 1814, but Brit soldiers already arrived.
Treaty of Ghent
War ends December 1814
- Treaty puts things back in order
- Indig no lands guarentee
- coincides with Napoleon’s abdication in France
- Brits best diplomats dealing with that
- Indig allies not at table
- Brits only able to get US to agree to restore lands to 1812 status (moral obligation)
Victims - Indigenous Allies
- Following War
- Clear territory lines between USA and Canada
- Both move with aggressive settlement
- Indig cannot resist change due to disease and lack of fur trade
- Never serve as their own army or allies again.
Shows how popular history contrasts academic historical events.
Outside of Ontario the war of 1812 has limited interest.
Black History in Canada Pre-Confederation
- New PP
Black Historiography in Canada
- Overdue awakening in Canada and coming to terms with racist history
Cannot hide behind myths
- no slavery in Canada
- Because we were at end of Underground railroad that Canada was non-racist paradise for black people
Black Slavery in New France
First black people in early Canada were Black slaves
- Small numbers in NF, but lots in US.
- Most domestic servants of skilled labourers.
- Could be hired out
- Small numbers = less retaliation
- Less isolated from society - walk around freely
Slaves and Law
- Code Noir
Slavery regulated by Code Noir (1685)
- Gave minor protections
- Slaves cared for (food/shelter)
- No sexual abuse of women
- No seperation of children until after puberty
- Baptized by catholics - records used for history today
- Catholic church owned slaves
Marie-Joseph Angélique
Born 1705 into slavery
- 1734 accused of starting Madame Franchevilles manor on fire
- Domestic slave
- Previous relationship with unnamed African slave - 3 kids - all died
- Later relationship with white indentured servant - Claude Thibault
- Heard she was being sold -ran away with Thibault
- Caught two weeks later - threatened Frencheville
The Fire
Morning of April 11
- Burns Francheville’s house which spreads to 46 houses
- 5 yr old says she saw her carrying coals to the attic that morning
- Confessed under torture
- Publically hanged.
Black Loyalists/Refugees from US Revolutionary War
- Lord Dunmore
- Ethiopian Regime
- Commanders Reluctants
Former black slaves who came to Canada uncertain of status - Always changing
- After Brits take New France slavery grey area
- Brits outlaw slavery in 1807, but continues in empire until 1833.
1775 Lord Dunmore offers freedom to slaves who escape and join loyalists
- works well - make it policy
- Creates “Ethiopian Regime” - liberty to slaves - on uniform.
White Commanders reluctant to make slaves soldiers
- lazy/lesser humand who needed to work
- violent unless controlled
- worried if they trained them then they will turn on them - racist fear
Continued
- Propaganda
- Henry Clinton
Rumor Brits winning ends slavery in NA, but propaganda only military tactic
- Many rich loyalist families owned slaves
Joining originally young men only
- those with dependents not interested
1779 Brit Comm-in-chief Henry Clinton reiterates promise of freedom.
- Thought large numbers of slaves deserting would disrupt economy.
Continued
- How many joined
- What happened to them?
- 100,000 (1/5) joined.
- Freeman also joined to help end slavery
- Men joined militia and women domestic work
- Some later re-enslaved to officers, to community, or as compensation to loyalists.
Why Brits Could Not Keep Promise
- Americans
- Book of Negros
Americans demanding “property” back
- some already gone so Brits paid compensation
- other waited to settle ownership disputes
Remaining slaves recorded in “Book of Negros”
- Guy Carlton wrote it
- name, description, past master, freedom claims, destination, ship name, military service.
- owners could look at list and challenge entries.
Book of Negros Cont.
- Challenges
14 Challenges
- many slaves already gone
- many ineligible due to not being with Brits over 12 months. They had to go back.
- 2 cases decided for slaves
- 9 for owners
- 3 unknown
Book is one of earliest and most completed documents in Black Canadian History.
Black Soldiers and Loyalist Status
- only 3000 received status
- Most end up in Nova Scotia with 30,000 white loyalists.
- Policy for claims to deal with who lost the most first, but Blacks put on back of list.
- 1200 decided to just resettle in Sierra Leon
- Those who got land grants got crap land
- Delays in comp helped elite whites who needed the hired labour.
Nova Scotia and Slaves
1500 total recorded slaves, but probably more as many listed as “servants”.
- Used for hard labour - clear fields and build
- Expanded Halifax infrastructure
After initial work not many needed
- Turned them out
- some collected again to sell them if needed money
- Some sent to other slave holding nations
Relations between Free Blacks, Slaves and Whites
- 13 Colonies
- Why Whites Mad?
Lots of mixing in 13 colonies
- Annoyed whites loyalists as it disrupted their ideal of black skin = slave
- Free Blacks mad over situation
- Forced their wages down - believed black labor should be free
- Black enclaves like Birchtown hid runaway slaves -mad white loyalists.
First Race Riot
July 26, 1784
- Against Black enclave of Shelburne County
- Poor white labourers in competition with black ones while waiting for compensation packages.
- Blacks drive wages down.
- Attack Black community leaders - Including Preacher David George
- Beat residents and white allies
- Ruined homes
Black People and War of 1812
- Same story as American Revolution
Brit once again promises freedom to runaway slaves
- 4000 total
- 2000 settle in Nova Scotia - very clear they are refugees this time
- Most end up in poor houses
- Many die from disease
Hard to find work
- Abundant white labourers
- Racsim
Black People and War of 1812
- Whites Mad Again Why?
- Movements?
Gov’t helping slaves makes people mad
- Blamed them for being drain on society
- Constant victimization
- Small movements to abolish slavery - unchristian/inhuman
- Racism still strong, but owning humans idea less popular
- 1833 slavery ends and slaves in Canada freed
- Only 50 left at this point
Victorian Canada
New PP
Background
- Era
- Differences Between
- Time For What?
Era named after Queen Victorian
- 1837-1901
- Era of contradictions - Big differnce between settlements and Urban life.
- Urban: Quebec, York, Halifax, Montreal
- Rural: Maritimes and farmers in Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba
- Time of exploring/mapping of Canada - Pallisers Expedition and Hind expedition 1857
- Mad French-Canadians went to America for western settlements.
Industrialization
And
Hybrid Social System
- Not here yet until 1870s
- Small populations still
- Raw material export, not manufacturing
- No capital
- Transport/commmunication expensive - landscape
Hybridg Social System
- Canada adopts Victorian ideals, but can’t apply to colonialism - not reality
Growth of Middle Class
Diverse
- Artisans
- Merchants/fishermen with own property
- Some farmers
Small manufactures between cottage and industrialization stages
- 6 employees/apprentices
- Owner master craftsman
- Some division of labor
Emerging of professional class
- Small group, but create social codes
Growth of Middle Class
- Markers
Not just about money
- Maintain class boundaries
Markers
- Education for both genders
- Monetary comfort
- extra money
- Small dinner parties, moderate drinking
- Many desired middle class, so spent money to look the part.
- Servants to help with domestic life
Creation of childhood
- More time for learning/growing
- Childhood sentimentalized
- Kids new market
- No longer viewed as mini adults
Markers Cont.
- Angel of the Home
Seperate work/home space
- connected to gender ideals
- Servants help with domestic life
- Masculinity: man must make enough so wife can have servants - domestic work for poor people.
Angel of the Home
- Wife creates haven for husband and kids at home which has rules
- Man cave
- Women deal with all domestic issues including budget
- Women no complain
- Meet him at door and dress nice
- Children seen not heard
Ideals Vs. Reality
Those were markers, but followed to different extents
- Dad played with kids
- Gender boudaries more fluid
- Depended on quality/number of servants
- Roles based on gender
- Men rational
- Women sensitive and nurturing - prepare for motherhood
Sex Drives
Men high and women low
- If horny its due to being overwhelmed by reproductive functions
- Don’t want kids? Mentall/Physically ill
- infertility womens fault
- Affected how they were treated medically
- Birth control dangerous
- Women only wanted sex for children - leads to ideal that lesbians do not exist.
Men in Charge Legally
Men choose when and how to engage in domestic sphere
- Gender social expectations led to disenfranchisement of women
- draconian punishments
- legal code closed loopholes and erode freedoms
- Women made wards to fathers, husband, oldest son
Prostitution
- Contradiction 1
- Red Light Districts
Contradiction
- Ideals erase sexuality, but highest numbers of sex workers
Contradictian - seen as necessary evil
- Prevents rape of respectable women
- Needed in cities with military/ports
- Men had high sex drive and needed release
Red Light Districts
- Created via real estate brokers and brothel owners
- Unspoken agreement - keep girls in district and have strict control
- Benefitted prostitutes - internal regulation gave them protection
Prostitution and Race
- Indigenous Women
Indigenous women viewed as prostitutes or crones
- Cat-called, propositioned or arrested for being in public alone
- Mary Salslawit - went to sell produce in Victoria and men tried buying her.
- Many Indig women fought back or attempt charges
- Some indig women were prostitutes for various reasons.
Social Purity Movement
Middle class women
- way into public politics despite no power or identity
- Learn political/organization skills
- Many moved onto suffrage movement
- Targeted prostitutes
- Sexual purity
- No drinking
- No work on Sunday
- Involved in child welfare work
Once women took money for sex she was labelled prostitute for life
Men considered “Johns” when paying
Contradictions
- BNA takes Victorian ideals, but cannot apply them to colonialism
- Ideals erase sexuality, but high numbers of prostitutes
- ## Prostitutes necessary evil
Cholera and Epidemics in the Past
- New PP
Background
- What is it?
- Three Stages
- Caused by bacterium Vibro
- cholerae enters through mouth
- Contaminated water
- came to BNA in 1832
- caused outbreaks through 1870s
Different reactions and symptoms
- Mild: minor stomach pain, vomiting, or diarrhea before fast recovery
- Middle: big diarrhea/vomiting - dehydration - problem for old/young
- Dangerous Stage: severe diarrhea/vomiting - kidney failure and death
Bacteria can release toxin making gut wall permeable to water and creating dehydration, kidney failure, shock and death
Disease of Poverty
Disease of poverty
- Thrives where water is infected by human poop
- Eradicated in Canada - Modern sewage and water treatment
- Become endemic to certain areas
Robert koch
- Miasma Theory
Created germ theory in 1890s
- 1883 Koch discover germs creates cholera
Theory
- bad/smelly air caused it
- worse in poor areas of town - bad sanitization - shared bathroom - no hand washing
- Disease higher in steerage areas of ships
- People already in state of poor health
Quarantines/Health Measures in BNA
Britain did quarantines first
- GG Lord Alymer focused on immigrants coming in through marine
- Immigrants often poor
- 3000 in 1832 to Quebec
- Would not cut off immigration
Grosse Isle Strategy
Small island 50km down river from Quebec City
- Stopping place for maritime immigrants in steerage
- Get off and wash themselves and luggage
- Cabin passengers exempt due to class and race
- Working class and race made you weaker
Grosse Isle Strategy
- Ship categories
- Issues with plan
Three Ship Categories
1. coming from infected areas you are quarantined for 3 days.
2. Ships with sickness on board goes through cleaning process
3. Ships with disease had to wahs and quarantine for 30 days.
Issues with plan
- delays led to captains lying about sickness/death on board
- island to small and not enough shelters
- healthy passangers mixed with potentially sick
- provisions were pricey
- Poor leadership by Dr. George Griffin
- Lack of staff
- reluctant to use force and stop ships - “The Fanny” sailed through.
Grosse Isle Strategy
- If plan Carried out well?
Still fail
- Cholera carried via healthy people with no symptoms
- Medical Theatre - Know it wasn’t working, but act like you are doing something
- Poor immigrants who never knew language forced to act out theatre
- Disease always their fault - assumed dirty, lazy, alcoholics
Cholera in Lower Canada
Hit Quebec City and spread via water to Montreal
- Panic as knew it was coming and could wipe colony out
- Officials took week to confirm outbreak
- Disease seemed random - increased panic
- Death 100 a day in Quebec
- Middle/Upper class who leave spread disease
- Farmer refused to bring food to cities
Hospitals
- Only rich had private doctors
- Not enough public doctors
- Hospitsls charity organizations: hated by poor - place to die.
- Overflow hospitals were open shacks with dirt floor
- Nobody wanted hospital in their area
- Landlords refused to rent ot gov’t
Gov’t Regulations
- 1795 Quarantine Act inadequate
- No power to force orders
Lord Alymer refuses other orders
- deaths mainly among expendable poor
- Does not wan to disrupt immigrants
Volunteer Labor
- Nuns worked with all groups
Civilian health officers
- Supposed to ensure houses cleaned
- Shocked by slum conditions
- did not realize barriers to cleanliness - fire hose did not work
- Lack of access to clean water
- Women overworked
- streets covered in dirt and poop that was tracked in
In some cases santitary water put int to prevent fire, but helped prevent disease.
Ladies Benevolent Society
And
Deserving Poor
- Focused on widows and orphans
- Methods to weed out the undeserving poor who created own problems (alcoholics)
- Only widows who took kids to church could go to soup kitchen - Poor often no way to attend church
- Cut aid as soon as possible so poor would not get used to it.
- Middle/Upper class gets sick and can no longer blame poor
Death Rituals
- Funerals disrupted
- Elaborated death rituals with religion, spirituality and superstition important to Victorian society
Dead bodies under control of Quarantine Act
- Dies on land - buried within 6 hrs during day or at midnight
- Poor taken and buried in mass graves without prayers
- Some tried to dig up bodies of loved ones
- French-Canadians blamed Britain for brining in immigrants who obviously caused disease.
How did it End?
Never did
- Periodic outbreaks
- Died down during winter and came back in summer with new ships
- Learned to live with it
- Gone once germ theory accepted and sanitization, slum clearance and clean water improved
- Starts disappearing in 1910 and new cases eradicated with modern medicine
Conclusions
Same mistakes for Spanish flu in 1918 and later H1N1
Epidemics/pandemics show inequality
- Blame others - immigrants/poor
- Issues with bodies and weighing grief vs. public needs
British Columbia
- New PP
Background
- First contact - search for Asian passage by portugal, spain, english and russia.
- West prairies and BC left out of confederation
Fur Trade
- Nooka Sound
Spain and England first
- Nooka Sound Port place to control trade
- 1779 Spanish start Fort
- Brit explorer John Meares shows up with Chinese workers to build English fort
- Taken hostage
- Spanish then decide to abandon fort
- Both countries agree to keep the Nooka neutral - keep Russia out
- Open fur trade good for mapping/exploration George Vancouver
NWC/HBC
- Douglas Family
- takes over most pacific trade
- intermarried with Indigenous women
- Merges with Hudson Bay and sets up ports
Douglas Family
- Powerful mixed race family
- Douglas born to scottish plantation owner and mixed race freewomen.
- Douglas high in ranks with NWC then HBC - marries Chief Factors mixed race daughter amelia.
- Power couple
- Helped move up ranks faster
- Amelia great trader and gave connections to Indigenous people
Indigenous Groups
- Potlatch
- Depopulation
Some prosper and hold potlatches
- Good hunt, wedding, etc.
- Give away items to show wealth
- Give to elderly to show their status - don’t starve
Depopulation
- Interior groups
- European disease via trade items
- Fur trade causes conflicts and wars
- Makes hard to resist europeans
BC Shaped
- Slogan
- Van Island Tip
- American ambitions - After Revolutionary war
- Leaders used Manifest Destiny
- God or destiny proclaimed USA to be a sea to sea country.
- Focus on Oregon territory
- Wanted border on 54th parallel
- Slogan “54-40 or fight”
Douglas built fort on southern tip of Vancouver Island
- Replace other forts if lost
- maintain control of island
- Good year round port
Oregon Territory
Diplomatic solution prevailed in 1848 with Treaty of Washington
- Border 49th parallel except Vancouver Island
- HBC forts in Oregon held until deal done and then sold for HBC profits
Why Brits give up Oregon?
- dealing with other colonial violence
- did not care for the land
- Enough to make Vancouver a colony and then leases it to HBC for 10 years
Early days in Fort Victoria
- Douglas or Blanchard
HBC had most control
- Governor Richard Blanchard sent
- Douglas retained most power as most worked for him
- Blanchard resigns in 1851 and Douglas made Governor and Chief Factor
HBC given 5 yr grant to
- diversify colony
- run fur trade
- promote non-indigenous settling
Douglas Treaties
- Keep peace between indig and settlers
- 14 treaties 1850-54
- Purchased lands with goods then promised goods when they ran out
- Included hunting, burial, and ceremonia grounds in treaties.
Reserves small
- Coast Salish harvested from sea
- Spiritually connected to sea
- Willing to increase size when requested
- Kept settlers off their lands
Douglas Treaties
- Hero or Villain
Hero
- First to recognize Indig title before settlement
Villain
- Oral histories say he coerced them
- filled in terms after agreement
- thought they were sharing lands
- Different views on land ownership
- treaties in english then translated orally
Were treaties meant to buy time or wait for Brit support?
- Treaties never made fully legal by Brits
- reframed as symbolic friendship treaties
- Settlers usually got the land they wanted
Douglas and Amelia
- Becoming ashamed of his wife and children
- Racism emerged as colony developed
- 1837 marrage was legal so he could not turn her off
- told kids not to talk about CRee heritage
- Kids could pass as white
Fort Victoria Colony
Grows slow
- High prices
- Mostly wilderness
- Wanting specific settler - unicorn
- Poor in Britain, but could get to BC and pay for everything, hire labourers, and weather first 2 yrs.
- Benefit Britain - provide raw materials and then buy Brit goods
- Don’t want rebellious settlers
Colony Cont.
Mostly retired couples
- Victoria (and Red River) colony only place for mixed families
- Esquimalt became major port for HBC
- Mixed race society run by Amelia
- Douglas builds large house, churchs and schools
- 1858 town explodes - gold
1859 Fraser River Gold Rush
30,000 arrive
- diverse group
- Town becomes merchant hub
Douglas Controls 3 Things
1. Island/mainland get benefits from new trade
2. Wanted rush to build infrastructure
3. Avoid lawlessness and violence
All miners had to take gold through Victoria
- keep track of miners and taxes
- Gold commisioners created to renew licences and register claims
- Caribou gold rush came next in 1860-63 and Klondike in 1896
Effects of Gold Rush
- Agriculture/Settlement
- Chinese
- Agriculture increased to provide food
- New settlement requirements
- Any Brit male willing to swear oath to Crown could have 160 acres of land
- Had to improve land first though (clear it)
- Could try out land, save up, then buy it.
Chinese
- Many Chinese sojourners
- built China town - Huabu Port
- Run by Chinese secret society
- Helps build temple and schools
- Growing population of Chinese
Effects of Gold Rush
- Prostitution
- Rough town (miners)
- Prostitution needed to keep miners spending
- Many sex workers Indigeous
- Coast Salish groups fine with it
- Sex trade violent and spread disease
Prostitution
- Two Avenues
Squaw Shacks
- Small shacks in certain areas where sex is bought
- Hated by upper class
Dance Halls
- Semi-respectable
- Women paid to dance with miners
- Miners buy them overpriced drinks
- Prostitutes meet customers and give companionship
Conclusion
BC resembled New France
- Fur trade then mining
- more men than women
Vancouver/Victoria
- Ignored by Brits
- HBC gave gov’t and infrastructure
- Brits check in to stop ISA from annexing
- Victoria original economic centre, but later Vancouver due to railway connections
Fraser River Gold Rush and Underground Railway- New PP
Background
1858-65
- Shuswap finds gold in Thompson River - Tells HBC
Placer gold
- small flakes washed from rocks
- One meter below surface at bottom of silk
- Cheap to get out
Douglas keeps secret so they can get gold out
Technology
Basic
- Shovel and pan
- heavy gold falls to bottom when swirling with water
- 5 to 12 dollars a day
Rockers and Sluices
- troughs with riffles to catch gold
- Cheap and easy to build
Worde Gets Out
Douglas sends 800 oz for appraisal
- rumor gets to newspapers
- miners come via Victoria and georgia srait
- steamboats, canoes, rafts
- Passed through Indig lands, some trade, some don’t believe they own lands
Fraser Canyon War 1858
- Douglas concern
American miners vs. Nlaka Pamux
- miners refuse to follow protocol and start taking resources
- Sexually assaulted some of them
- sluices in creeks upset salmon spawning’
- Brits more worried about miners becoming basis for USA to lay claims to BC.
- Brits declare it an official colony called BC
- Douglas governor over island and mainland colony’s
- Gets military support
Fraser Canyon War
- Conflicts start
Two French miners found dead
- Miners blame Nlaka
- Miners form militia and attack villages
- Kill 35 people and burn 5 villages
Retreat to Fort Yale and get Henry Snyder
- Former military and miner
- Organizes a meeting with Chief Spintlum and 11 chiefs
- Threaten death and sexual assault if not let into territory
Fraser Canyon War
- Chiefs Reaction
- Long Term Effects
- To small so they fly white flag meaning sickness and death
- Chief Spintlum avoids massacre
Long Term
- Salmon spawning disrupted
- Increased white settlement
- influx of cash
- set up sawmills - disrupts spawning more
- Failed miners now labourers
Conclusion
- Brits make BC colony when forced to
- White people usually got what they wanted from Indig
- Miners painted Nlaka as violent, but they were the victims
Underground Railway
Part of myth that Canada was racism free and haven for slaves
Underground railway - network of abolitionists from slave states to Northern free states and Canada
- People who oppoise slavery and want it gone.
- Slavery gone in 1834 in BNA
- Black/White rights supposed to be same - except segregated schools
Second Fugitive Slave Act 1850
- Strengthen first 1793 Act
- Allowed southern owners to recapture slaves in northen states.
- Northern states abolished slavery 1774-1804
- Many went to Canada
Second Act Provisions
- attempt to prevent civil war
- closed loopholes
- More agents to track down slaves - got bounty
- Bounty led to capturing free Black people
- Civilians helping slaves got arrested
Abolitionists
Ran underground railway
- Evangical Protestant sects - baptists/methodists
- Quakers
- Free black families
- Came to movement from suffrage or temperance movements
- Railroad workers Americans and free black canadians
Why do # of slaves coming via railway vary?
- some freemen/women trying to avoid kidnapping
- abolitionists inflated numbers via press
- started counting at beginning of route
- Slave owners inflated numbers to increase claims
- Racist views - saw all Balck people as slaves
- High numbers promoted Canada as safe haven
Railroad Conductors
and
Ticket Agents
Escorted slaves most of the way
- Harriet Tubman most famous
- escorted 300 slaves
Agents
- Sold tickets and made arrangements
- Many slaves made journey on their own
- Heard about railway via underground operatives
- Gave advice and supplies
Male and Female Slaves
Male
- Mostly young 16-35 yrs old.
- good health
- skilled craftsman
Females had hard time escaping
- mostly labourers
- many pregnant, breastfeeding, or have young children
- Children used to control slaves
- Slept seperate or threatened violence against kids
Ann Maria Jackson
- Escaped with young children
- more dangerous
- escaped in groups - less suspicious
Once in Canada
- Used black newspaper to locate family
- racism - less human
- Recapturing legal, but grey area
- USA settlers saw blacks as only slaves
- Segregation kept them in seperate neighborhoods
- Segregation schools
- barred from certain churches
- Rasict jokes in white papers
Road to Confederatoion (New PP)
Lord Durham Report
- Recommendations
1839 - Report on affairs in BNA and provide recommendations.
Recommendations
- Unite upper/lower into one colony with one council
- Provide responsible gov’t.
- MOSTLY subdue “racial conflict” between French and English.
Durham Report
- Who to Blame?
Blames tension on French-Canadians
- Unite and they will eventually assimilate
To ensure assimilation
- Implement British civil code
- Political activities in English
- No special provisions for French schools
Union Act 1840
Unites lower and upper
- West: Francophone
- East Anglophpone
- One law and assembly
Really creates poltical battlelines
- Beginning of parties.
- Reformers (libs): responsible gov’t
- Anti-reformers (cons) maintain colonial powers
Clear Grits
Durham thought French would assimilate, but new party emerges making things worse.
Clear Grits
- George Brown
- Becomes lib party
- Western districts - Americans and Scottish
- ideal agrarian lifestyle
- Protestant, but church/state seperate
- Want rep gov’t.
- Expand west
East reacts with increased focus on French nationalism led by Catholic church.
Assembly Seats
MacDonald takes over Conservatives
Union provides 40 seat to east and west
- 1849 “Rouge Party” in East wants “rep by pop”
- 1851 west suggests same - more people there and mostly English.
-
Double Majority Rule
- This is one push factor towards confederation.
If one area wanted to pass a law for their area they had to convince everyone.
- So if east wanted to pass something then they had to convince the small pockets of English there first.
- Creates deadlock
- Pushed to create federal union/confederation
Growing Bureaucracy/Statehood
- Another push factor
Dealing with French/English and Assembly issues, but also getting to statehood other ways.
Economics and things that effect people daily
Post offices: expand, more reliabel
Education
- Uniform standards
- Free elementary for all
- good for assimilation of FN and immigrants
- get rid of beggers
Asylum
- anyplace designed to hide “undesirables”
- Orphans, mentally ill, diabled, and poor
Historical Ideas About Confederation
- Two Camps
Focus on fathers of confederation
- Many factors against confederation
- Only few guys pushing for it
- Other options available
Confederation inevitable given socio-political factors
- Push factors: annexation fears, Finian threats
- Britain pushing Canada to independence: hard to protect and costly
Second more convincing as it sees beyond BNA
Why Provinces Consider Union
- Only cities have industrialization
- Good agriculture land gone
- Deadlock issues
- Governor of Canada Edmund Walker Head pushes it for Britain.
Atlantic Provinces Consider Union
- Provinces independent
- Focus on Atlantic Union
- Connected via Acadian heritage
- More connected to Britain via trade and naval defense
Meanwhile in London
Cartier and MacDonald provide plan for confederation
- Rejected: include Maritimes more
Same time Napoleon attacks Austria and empire put on alert
- Maritimes cannot form militia
- Makes colonies realize a union would create a better defence system.
Meanwhile in USA
- Trent Affair
Brits refuse to recognize confederate states diplomatically
Trent Affair
- US civil war time: USA vs. Confederate states
- USA Navy stops Brit mail ship
- Arrests two confederate diplomats onboard
- Going to ask Brit to recognize the confed states.
- Diplomats arrested
- Britain pushes for their release
- War preparations happening
- USA decides not worth war with Britain and releases them.
- Britain once again understands they need to let BNA go.
This slows down confederation talks for Canada
Important to Canada
- Brits had to send troops to Canada for defence and Brits did not want them to.
Charlotte Town Conference
Cartier demands federation where provinces keep power rather than central power.
Still resistance from Maritimes
The Fenians 1865-66
- Another push
Irish repulican group forned in USA in 1858.
- Supported/financed by Irish people worldwide
- Bought guns and ammo with money
- Conducted raids in the Maritimes from 66-71.
- Raids minor, but rumors and fear created were not.
- Pushed for confederation
CONFEDERATION
Dec 4, 1866 MacDonald, Cartier and other go to London to discuss
- Senate created to break deadlocks
- Education/schools provincial resp.
March 29, 1867 Queen Victoria signs BNA Act
- MacDonald first PM and forms cabinet.
July 1, 1867 the Dominion is formed.
Problems that Follow
- Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia elects anti-unionests who try to withdraw.
- British gov’t wont let them
- Canadian gov’t promised NS more money
PEI Issue
The Land Question
- Land owned by Landlords
- Most rented properties
- Tenant League protested
- PEI gov’t bought some land, but not enough money for all.
- Told Canada they would join if they bought the land and gave it to the renters.
- Canada makes offer of a $800,000 loan, but rejected
- PEI starts railway, but could not afford to finish it and nobody to use it.
- 1873 Canada seizes opportunity and creates deal to take on railway debt and provide $800,000.
- Joins July 1, 1873
Newfoundland
Most distant province
- Economics in 1860 make joining attractive
- Bad year in Cod fishing
- Collapse of truck system
- NFL makes huge demand and MacDonald says no
NFL Election - Vote for Confederacy
- poor way to gauge opinion as not only issue
- Rumors that Canada would just take money
- Elect anti-confederacy folks
- Canada did not care enough to intervene
- Don’t join until 1949
Other Perspectives in Confederation
- The Francophones
- Cartier reps them and brings them onboard.
- Argued it would guarantee French-Canadian rights
- Majority in their own province
- Fed provinces bilingual, but Quebec prv in French
- Said other option was join USA.
Compact Theory
Fed gov’t can only have equal power to provinces as the provinces came together and created the fed gov’t.
- Feds cannot act beyond powers granted to them.
- MacDonald pushed for more federal oversight to prevent factures.
Indigenous People
Never involved
- after thoughts
- Created problems - Red River Resistance
1830
- Brit parliament - what do we do with them?
- some say they owe them other claim conquest rights.
- Commission created
Bagot Commission
1824-44
- Charles Bagot
Recommendations
- Blank policy for all Indigenous instead of dealing with groups.
- Create reserves and publicly announce boundaries
- Coerce and teach Indig about agriculture.
Focus on Farming
- Keep Indig on their land
- All races go through same steps - this will bring Indig up to par.
- Suppose to benefit them by keep white people from squatting on their lands.
FN White Mans Burden
Parternalistic assumption that Brits need to manage affairs of non-white people.
- Ideals shaped Bagot commission
- FN never consulted regarding their land
- Different concepts of land ownership and sharing
- FN saw reserves as sovereign land they kept, not land granted to them. Sharing the rest of the land.
Women and Confederation
- Only in discussions about marriage and law
- Loopholes to legal and political participation closed
- Queen usually only signed documents
Canada referred to as she
- Political organization of union was masculine
- Female Canada repped by males
- Women have rights in early phases of settlement, but not after.
Issues with Confederation
Western Alienation
- those who enter later have less power to negotiation terms.
Quebec
- Cartier and others keep French happy in short term, but long term division remains.
Not 2, but 3 Founding Peoples
- Overlooking FN and being paternalistic causes immediate and long lasting problems.
