Pre 1867 Final Flashcards
The Fall of New France
La Conquete “The Conquest”
- Indian/ Seven years.
The British taking over the New France
-1760
- French military/militia, FN allies vs. the British.
- Fights occured in now Canada
- These are called the French Indian Wars which are the North American part to the Seven Years war between France, Britain and their allies.
Background to the Fall
- Incomplete Conquest
French, English and FN pawns in European powers wanting domination.
- Rivaly between France/Britain - economics, politics and military.
- Led to Inidan and 7 yrs war.
- Argued “incomplete conquest” led to Quebec sovereignty movement yrs later.
The British Forces
- Ohio Valley
- Canadiens
Brits attack French settlements in Ohio Valley before official declaration.
- French military in the colony had previously been recalled. Most militia left.
- Brits better weapons, troops, and supply.
French Canadians fighting for selves
- Not connected to France anymore
- France abandons them after conquest
- View themselves as Canadiens
- United by language and catholic church.
Indigenous Troops
Huge help for French as allied with many FN
- Mi’kmaq
- Algonquin
- Ottawa
- Shawnee
Brits loosley allied with Iroquois
Why FN allied with France?
- Fur trade
- Kept up gift giving and reaffirming alliances
- Sold guns to non-Christian FN allies
- Many converted via Jesuits and Ursuline Nuns - another French connection.
- Brits larger and wanted expansion
French/FN Troops vs Brits
- French/FN outnumbered
- Fought Guerilla tactics
- Brits forced to use Blue Water Strategy
- Use navy to cut off French supply lines in Atlantic ocean
- French retreated and fought Plains of Abraham battle in 1759 and captured in 1760.
- NF put under military rule until 1763 when 7 yrs war over via Treaty of Paris.
- Britsh get the territory except….
What parts did France Keep
St. Pierre and Miquelon
- Fishing ports
- Brits did not care as France focused on other colonies
- Brits had superior navy
Treaty of Paris - Aftermath
- 13 Colonies and Proclamation 1763
- Gov’t Type
Brits goal to get area ready for 13 colony settlers
Proclamation of 1763
- Imposed criminal/civil law
- Women lost French rights
Wanted to set up rep gov’t, but never happened.
- become top-down monarchy structure
Treaty of Paris - Aftermath
- Catholics
Ongoing fight between Protestants and Catholics for spiritual territory.
British law - No Catholics allowed in gov’t, practice law, or jury.
Last Quebec bishop appointed by Pope died in 1760
- Bishop assigne priests/parishes
- Pope to appoint Bishop, but Brits said no - viewed as foreign leader.
Treaty of Paris - Aftermath
- James Murray
First Quebec Governor for Brits
- Protestant and practical
- Used loophole in Proclamation to set up council with French reps instead of Brits rep govt.
- Set up legal system maintaining much french law
- Stacked middle court - Court of Common Pleas with French people.
- Instructed to use French civil law as much as possible
- Civil matters little change, but women still lost rights.
Treay of Paris - Aftermath
- Murray and Bishop Briand
- Why Murray Flexible?
Murray careful and got Canadiens their bishop
- Selected Jean Briand over Popes choice
- Brit law made Briand “superintendent” over Catholic church
Murray was flexible
- Did not want uprise
- Could have been 14th rebellious colony
- Admired habitant settlers
- Hated anglophone businessmen in Montreal
Murray lost his job as they wanted asembly to reflect British interests.
The Quebec Act of 1774
- Guy Carlton
Murray’s successor
- Followed same plan
Wanted all they did in law - created Quebec Act
- Freedom of religion
- Catholics allowed to collect tithes
- Catholics to hold office if swear minor oath to King
- French language protected
- New Canadien civil code - mix Fr/Br
Quebec Act Cont.
- Compromises
- Big Impact
Compromises
- British criminal Law
- Taxed spirits and molasses
- Extended colonial control westward
Biggest impact was Quebec cont. being ruled by a council with mixed cultures.
- 13 colonies mad about taxed without rep.
- Wanted frontier open without interferrence.
- Act listed as intolerable - part of lead to American Revolution.
Effects of Conquest on FN
- Royal Proclamation
First section about what Brits owed FN people.
- Considered subjects
- Huge lands set aside for them
- No settler could claim land in FN territory.
- Land only sold to gov’t
- Had to get a license to trade with FN.
These rules gave the gov’t control.
Effects of Conquest Cont.
- FN View
- FN did not see themselves as subjects or allies
- Brits seen as threat
- French followed protocol and took uninhabited land.
- French intermarried
- Brits wanted FN to act as conquered
- Gov General Amherst stopped gift exchanges.
- Conflicts between traditional life and new settlers.
Pontiac’s War
1763-67
Named after Ottawa Chief Obwandiyag
- FN groups formed to protect ancestrial claims to land.
- Took 9 frontier forts
- killed 2500 settlers/military
- Took Fort Detroit and Duquesne
- Traitors - but never signed treaty
-
Pontiac’s War
- Gov. Amherst Response
Amherst did unthinkable
- Mentioned sending smallpox
- Distributed blankets via gifts
- Debates on if germ war on purpose, but generally accept he knew.
- Disease and other factors crumbled coalition.
- Peace agreed on
- FN do not give up land titles
Following Proclamation
1764
Meeting in Niagra with 200 chiefs
- Two wampum belts became basis of modern indigenous land claims.
- Claims still on-going.
Life in British North America and the Effects of the American Revolution
- New PP
American Revolution and Loyalist Migration
American Revolution
- Began 1775
- divided people of 13 colonies
- Patriots: People wanting to break from Britain
- Loyalists: People wanting to stay and negotiate.
Patriots assumed French Habitants would join them.
- Canadiens tired from conflict
- Murray and Carlton treated them good
- But not willing to fight against patriots either.
Patriots and Quebec
- Invasions
Patriots had propoganda campaigne - Some Anglophone supporters until invasions.
Then patriots invade Quebec in two attempts
- 1775 Montgomery and patriots take Montreal
- 1776 Montgomery and Benedict Arnold try taking Quebec
American Rev and Loyalist Migration Cont.
- Impacts
- Why Loyalists Never Supported
Biggest impact was loyalist migration to Canada.
- 80-100,000 left colonies and half to BNA
- Wealthy back to Britain
- Most who came to Canada were farmers, merchants, or poor.
Loyalists: Brit born settlers in colony who did not supprt revolution because:
- Personal connections to Crown
- Loyalty to Crown
- feared chaotic aftermath of war
- Felt colonies should negotiate
Three Groups of Loyalists
- Women and Minor Children
- Legally/socially tied to husbands choice of loyalist/patriot.
- Bore more hardship then husband
- Men joined military/militia and women ran business and farms
- Hostile territory - patriot neighbors abused them.
- Eventually fled to Brit troops of BNA
- Pack light for hard journey
- Journey length depended on relationship with FN, luck and weather.
- Reunited with husband after war
- lived in refugee camps outside quebec
- made wards of the state
Three Groups of Loyalists
- Indigenous Allies - Why Against Patriots?
Why some ally with Brits against Patriots?
- Patriots land hungry
- Patriots against land grants from Proclamation and Quebec Act.
- Mohawks had kin relations
- Loyalist leader Joseph Brant’s sister married William Johnson - super of Indian Affairs and they brought back gift giving with Mohawk so they would join Brits.
Indigenous Allies Cont.
- Patriot Claims
- What They Got
Patritos called them savages
Patriots claimed Mohawk were traitors of tricked by Brits - not true
- Myth used by founding fathers to smear Brits and invade future FN land claims.
- BY end of revolution Brits had many treaties with FN.
- Iroquois given land plots amongst loyalists in Upper Canada.
- Mohawks get lots of land along grand River
Loyalists and FN in BNA
- Why FN Agreed to Encroachment
Had to make treaties with FN in BNA
FN agreed to encroachment because:
- Loyalist pop small
- Settlement would keep Brits in area and Americans out
- Treaties had many gifts including guns and ammunition.
How did Loyalist Migration Effect Canada?
- Upper
- Lower
- Maritimes
Quebec split into upper/lower Canada
Upper
- More anglophone
- took Brit civil law - lack women rights
Lower
- Kept Coutome De Paris (Custom of Paris)
- Women more civil property rights: landowning widows right to vote.
Maritimes
- 30,000 Loyalists
- Many black loyalists
- Swamp existing populations and set new social/cultural norms.
Life in British North America
- Upper and Lower Canada (New PP)
- Population
- Who and Loyalist Wants
1790-1850
- Population from 250,000 - 3.5 million
- Francophones natural increase mostly
- Lots of immigration - Loyalists, Americans, Scots.
Loyalists wanting to relplace amenities from 13 colonies:
Newspapers
- Quebec Mercury
- Montreal Herald
- Le Canadien
Newspapers political vehicles used to promote political views of owners.
Loyalist Wants
- Schooling
- Mohawk Institute
- More non-catholic options for boys and girls
- 1847 first normal school in Toronto
First Mohawk Institute res school in 1831.
- Day school first
- Volunary
- requested by Mohawks - train kids for future
- Minor abuse until confederation and religious contracts
- After confederation - forced enrollment with NWMP backup.
- Early volunteer schools training grounds for assimilation.
Life in BNA
- Daily Life
- Why House Important
Similar to NFL and New France
- More focus in urban development
Adult Life Tasks
- Build house unless poor/servant. Called “going into houskeeping”
- Marriage delayed until husband could afford house
House is centre of commerce and production.
- attached to farm or cottage industry
- Urband centre people still produce house products and food
- Sheep eventually brought in for clothing.
Life in BNA
- Servants
Women productive work done with help of neighbors or servants.
- Keeping/training servants difficult
- labour shortage gave them power
- Male servants had outside opportunities
- Female servants could bargain for better pay/hours
- Servant girls poor Americans or Irish
- Often left after trained
- Cooks hard to find
- Receipe books created for slaves and women.
Life in BNA
- Elite Immigrants
- Catherin Parr Traill and Books
Lack of classes in BNA, esp. in bush.
- Catherine elite from Britain
- Came in 1832
Wrote
- “Backwoods of Canada: Being Lettersfrom the wife of an Emigrant Officer 1836.”
- The Canadian Crusoes: A tail of the Rice Lake Plains
- The Female Emigrant’s Guide, and Hints on Canadian Housekeeping
Catherin Traill and Neighbors
- Ridiculed neighbors in books for poor manners or different speech
- Recognized neighbors better equiped for settlement.
- Class more obvious in Montreal but still relied on neighbors
- Able to due to small social circles
- Practical help like delivering mail in town.
BNA Entertainment
Urban BNA lacked Opera and theatre
- Visiting was entertainment
- Public and Elite balls popular
- Class eventually stratified via time, but still fuzzy margains.
Acadian Expulsions
(New PP)
Acadia
French settlement in Maritime Canada
- Now called Maine
- Malseet
- Iroqouis
Acadia Background
- Part of and Justified?
Expulsions part of French Indian War 1754-63 and Seven year war 1756-63
- Acadia pawn in these events
Big Question
- We the expulsions justified?
Early Settlement
- Who did it Bring?
Settlers relied on the Mi’kmaq for survival
- Arrived in poor health
- Mi’kmaq used to fishers/traders
- Acadians did not take land, reclaimed it with dykes
Settlement attracted catholic missionaries who lived among the Mi’kmaq
- Recollets baptized Chief Henri Membertous
- Jesuits take over
Agriculture
- Dykes
- Bay of Fundy
- Learned in France
- Reclaim swamps via dykes easier than clearing
Bay of Fundy = high/low tides
- High tides - rivers overflow and enrich bank.
- Here, it is salt water - kills crops
- So we have nutrients, but salt.
- Built dykes around perimeter to stop flooding.
- Rain/snow washes away salt and leaves nutrients
- Surplus of wheat and fruit
Livestock
Salt hay/Spartina grew on seaward side of dykes.
- Fed cattle/sheep in winter
- Benefit as New England had to slaughter and re-buy cattle yearly due to no feed.
- Pigs forages forest and given chicken scraps.
- Pigs slaughtered in fall and preserved for winter.
Acadia and Jesuit Orders
- Why Successful?
Jesuits very successful
- Past experience in Asia
- Affiliated with nuns to convert women/children.
- FN did not have to change lifestyle to convert.
- Lived with FN tribes to learn culture and language.
Mi’kmaq and Early Settlement
- Priest Role
- Belief System
Catholic priest lived with them to learn
- intermediaries between them and settlers
- Press maintained crucial links between settlers and FN
- Mi’kmaq adopted Jesus and Christianity into their belief system originally.
- Know conversion had benefits
- Acadians do not recognize land claims between France and Britain (not their problem)
Acadian - Golden Age
1654-1745
1654-1745
- Dispite land claims, settlement left largely alone by Crown
- Not forced into military
- Local politics structure lives - very independent
- Policy focus on neutrality - odd relationship to 13 colonies
- Subject to raids, but could trade wheat for tobacco and cloth
Acadian Day to Day Life
- Living System
Seigneurial system (New France)
- Landlords have little power
- Abundant game/wood = dont pay for hunt/gathering
- Supplemented by fur trade (small) and fish trade (big)
- Landlords hate building bake ovens and mills as destroyed in English raids.
- Jesuit priests provided law and order and negotiated disputes
Day to Day Cont.
- Houses
- Family System
- Small houses with thatched roof
- 8-10 children in house
- Patriarchal system, but French civil laws for women
- Neighbors usually related
Communal Life
- Helped each other with dykes, harvest, house building (NF did not)
- local self-reliance increased independent feelings
Day to Day Cont.
- Society Growth
- Grew via natural increase
- Low infant mortality and long life
- Better nutrition compared to French peasants (sim to NF)
- Isolation kept them from disease (NF had disease)
- Tight kinship groups, less unique DNA
Mi’kmaq Importance During Conflict
1700s friction increace between France and Britain
- Concern over relationship strength of Mi’kmaq and settlers.
- Argued this pushed towards expulsion strategy
- Brits thought Mi’kmaq would join forces with settlers and resist British settlement
Le Grand Derangement
- Gov Charles Lawrence
July 28, 1755 expulsion process starts.
- Remove 6-10,000 from homes
- 1000 hid in forest
- Become known as le grand degrangement = the Great Upheaval
- Youtube video
Le Grand Derangement
- Start Process - Grand Pre
- Men and boys 10+ called to location for announcement
- Announcement = being forced off lands
- pack up cash and household goods
- Land and livestock left for King
Lawrence acted without superior consent.
- Men imprisoned for over month
- Don’t want rebellion
- Grand Pre = 428 men placed onto transport ships or church - John Winslow Diaries - soldier
Le Grand Derangement
- Grand Pre
Winslow master of psychological warfare
- Men hostage to control women
- Women to bring food to soldiers/prisoner - refuse and prisoners don’t eat.
To keep men in line
- Put kids on transport ships
- Harvest over and more ships arrived - second phase of deportation
- Burned town after evacuation
- Outside Grand Pre - prisoners occasionally freed and hidden by Mi’kmaq
Le Grand Derangement
- Plan for Acadians
- Ship Conditions
- Divide them up with 13 colonies to avoid rebellion
- Law made that they could not leave area
Ship conditions - no pre-planning
- poor provisions
- mostly cargo ships
- lots of disease - first exposure
- thousands died
Le Grand Derangement
-Resettlement
- Towns usually hostile to them due to wars with France and catholics
- Acadians a drain on society
- Many died of starvation or in swamp lands
- Children sold as indentured servants until age 21
- Risked jail to get to Quebec, but later New France also fell.
Second Expulsion
- Acadian Dispora
1758 - find the people hiding in forest
- Taken back to France or Britain
- Atlantic crossing still bad and many died
- Back in europe - many emigrated to louisiana - previous French colony and had many French people
- Some sent to Cajun as insult, but later adopted by Acadians
- Acadian Dispora (disperal of people from homeland) forms subculture with own dialect, food, music
- 1764 some Acadians allowed to go to Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island
Conclusion
- Robust group
- No help in early settlement led to no loyalty to France or Britain
- Target due to good land and relationship with Mi’kmaq
Expulsions = high human cost
- Many died due to disease, starvation, drowning.
- Loss of lands and home
- Seperation of families
War of 1812
(New Slide)
Background
- Who Won
- Historian Views?
Question: Who won?
- End of war - Treaty of Ghent puts things back to the way they were.
- BUT political, economic, and social changes
Military Historians
- Brits successes such as burning white house, beaver damns, etc.
- But Americans had successes and emerged as superpower
- Win for Canada - see themselves as emerging nation and coined term Canadian
- Canadians fractured before/after war - 1840 before using war to create unity
No clear winners, but many victims
Background
- Why Canadian Involvement
Pulled in due to European events
- Napoleonic wars 1799-1815
- France and Britain trying to control Atlantic trade
- Lingering hostility between USA and Brits
- Many Brits jump to US navy
- Brit captains jump on ships and force them back - don’t recognize US citizenship
Background
- Chesapeake Affair 1807
Brit sailors join US navy and serve on the Chesapeake
- Brit commander Leopold demands board to take his men back
- Chesapeake commander refuses
- Leopold fires killing many and then boards and takes men
- USA outrage
Background
- At same time
Brits dragging feet removing military and colonial posts in lands given to USA
- Concerned about future invasions to Canada
- Places of traditional gift giving with FN
- Hoping to force USA to create treat with FN. This would create a buffer state between them and Brits.
Background Cont.
- Tecumseh and Confederacy
USA already in conflict FN over settlement
- Led by Shawnee warrior - Tecumseh
- Supported by his brothers visions (Tenskwatawa)
- Vision of land belonging to FN
- Built Pan-Indig confederacy to repel settlement
- war of 1812 continuation of conflict for FN
- Joined Brits hoping they would give them more land protection.
Background Conclusion
- USA Retaliation.
- War Hawks
- USA brings everything together and paints it as harassment by Britain
- War Hawks (Group of politicians) push for retaliation. Really looking for excuse to get more land from Canada.
- Convinced Pres. James Madison that Canadians would welcome invasion and be conquered easily due to many Americans living there for cheap taxes and land.
- BUT those Americans did not support invasion as tired of conflict.
Victims
- Upper Canada (Niagara Region)
- Why not Lower?
Lands on borders of Great Lakes between both countries
- Some trade folks benefited (blacksmiths)
- But most in this region lost homes/livelyhood.
- Homes used main theatre
- Lower Canada protected by sea and Quebec City fortress
- USA general in charge of invading Lower were dumb
Victims - Upper
USA Burning System
USA burned everything behind them
- Infrastructure to prevent movement
- Stop towns provind aid to Brits
- Destroyed forges and mills
- shoot livestock
- Meant to demoralize people, but really more joined militia against Americans
Burning Cont.
- Justified?
- Niagara
No as most towns near American forts
- Claimed town used as base to ceige fort
- 1813 Niagara town burned - to close to Fort George, but Fort was going to be abandoned anyways.
- Settlers given 30 minutes to grab stuff.
- House values - 37,625 pounds
Victims - Upper Cont.
- Brits Problems and Wages
American looted homes
- Supplement wages
Brits also caused hardship
- Burned infrastructure
Brits big problem
- Feeding soldiers
- Rations gave 2700 calories
- Soldiers need 6-7000
- 1.5 pounds bread, 1 pound meat, 1/2 gill of rum
Brits given wages to help
- Buy from settlers
- settlers refused - needed food
- If sold, it was bad food for high price
- Indig allies and horses/oxen needed food
- War slowed agricultre and caused inflation
Brits/Indig Response to Problem
Declare martial law
- Force settler to give food
- Started stealing
- Viewed as their right as Upper Canada citizens not helping enough
- Stealing food became game called Hooking
- Dismantled buildings for firewood.
Compensations
- Settlers
- Act of Union 1840
Many lost homes and livelyhood
- Comp hard to get
- Upper Canada had no money
- Brit gov’t tried, but failed due to corruption
- Upper Canada helped veterans, but bankrupts province
Act of Union 1840
- Used to join Upper and Lower
- Spread debt equally
Victims of War - British Veterans
Soldiers and militia never got benefits
- No money/red tape
- Some got land grants - poor land
Militia don’t get land, benefits, pensions in 1875
- Few living still
- Only 50,000 set aside
- Most living on public charity
No medals granted. Some destroyed 15 yrs later as not properly awarded.
Victims - Soldiers of Colour
- Robert and Robert
Called Coloured Corps
- mostly free men scared of being enslaved again
- Some slaves brought with loyalists
Robert Pierpoint
- see video
- not given command
- Robert Runchey got it - treated them bad - serve as servants to white soldiers
- Faced racism and segregation
- Those who got land grants got half the size and the worst land.
Victims of War - Indigenous Allies
- Battle of Thames
- Tecumseh
Brits would have failed without their help early on.
- Filled in roles before Brit soldiers could arrive after war declaration.
- Indig leaders excellent strategists and cut off US supply lines and led ambushes.
Battle of Thames
- Kills Tecumseh
- Incompetent Brit commander - Henry Proctor
- First shots killed 43 Red Coats - Line broke and Proctors men flee
- Tecumseh in front and shot - Americans take trophies from his body
- Pre-Indig confederacy breaks in 1814, but Brit soldiers already arrived.
