Post 1867 Flashcards
Is Canada a Nation?
- Made non-emotionally
- Some think if we come together then probelms solved.
Initial Problems?
- Different identities: culture, class religion, language.
- How to preserve these and create unified country?
Confederation was a Political Event
- Not all recognized confederation
- Not all affected initially
- 1867 some would view as year they lost crops, not confederation year.
- People were not more political than they are now.
Lord Monck
- 1st GG congrats Canada parliament on laying foundation for new nationality
- July 1st - NS, NB, QB, and ON
- PEI and NFL did not want to join - less to gain.
How to Est. Domestic Peace?
- State confederation was political and would not touch your identity.
George Cartier (Canada East premier)
Statement
- Tried convincing French folks they would not lose their independence
- “now when we were united together, if union was obtained, we would form a political nationality with which neither the national origin or the religion of any individual would interfere”.
George Cartier Cont.
- Meaning
- We are not coming together because of ethnicity or geographical location, but because we choose to come together and have a shared loyalty to certain institutions.
Nationhood
- Did not mean independence (not a revolution)
- Canada still a colony, but a big one called a dominion
- Had more power for internal issues, but British parliament controlled external issues.
Views on being British Subjects
- Some ok with it as it made them feel part of something meaningful/powerful and not a small country.
- Alternatives were not great: Not big or strong and annexation issues.
1867 - Anti-Americanism
- Many believed to be different and superior to Americans
- USA politics inferior
- Uncomfortable with Republicanism and democracy.
- USA is a dangerous neighbor
Canada/USA Connections
- Dispite views we had strong connections
- Main trade partners
- Cultural similarities
- Constitution similar: federal system with provinces
- So complicated relationship become a theme.
Confederation an On-Going Process
- Started July 1st 1867 with plan to keep going
- 1870 - Manitoba joined
- 1871 - BC joined
- 1873 - PEI joined
- So continued to grow rapidly.
Confederation - Gov’t Parties
- Needed new federal gov’t and parties
- Parties of colonies came together to form federal parties. Difficult due to different views.
- Blue parties became conservatives and red parties liberal
Party Ideological Differences
- Fed vs. Prov Power
- Tariffs
- First 30 yrs cons about federal power and libs about provincial rights.
- Economics: Cons wanted protective tariffs and libs wanted free market.
- These views all change over time.
Population overview at Confederation
- 3.2 million
- 4/5 born here, but depended on area
- Quebec 10/11 people born here
- Ontario 1 in 3
Polulation Con’t
- FN
FN - 30,000 = 1%
- Kept seperate from people
-Sect. 91 of BNA created seperate lands and placed gov’t as responsible for them.
- Not included in confederation debates
- White people knew nothing about them and thought they were dying out - disease and assimulation.
Population Con’t
- French Canadians
- 1/3 of population until 1960s
- 80% lived in Quebec
- 10% in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
- English and French Canadians did not interact in mid 19th century
Population Con’t
- British
- Northern/Western
- 60% of population
- Some been here a while and decsendants of loyalists
- Recent immigrants
- North/West Mixed and made up 10% of pop.
Population Con’t
-Africans
- Some from loyalists who fought in American Revolution
- Promised to live freely
- Some came escaping from USA slavery
- Many in NS
- Lots of racial predjudice - voting, schooling, etc.
Other Divisions
- Gender
- Different roles -Women at home
- Women roughly 50% of population
- women lacked basic rights
- Lacked all rights after marriage as legally one
- Focus on families and not individuals at the time
Other Divisons
- Religion
- Mostly Christian
- Most Catholic
- Religious differences affected politics
- E.g. Schools - Religious or not?
- E.g. Hospitals ran by churches
Other Divisons
- Location
- Lots of rural living
- Few cities
- Railway connected people and good for trading and settleing
- Historiography
- ## How historians have approached different ideas differently at different times. E.g. WWI viewed then vs. now.
What did confederation mean?
- Different interpretations
- Read differently based on contemporary issues facing people
- Look at the past differently based on what is happening presently.
Confederation Interpretations (1)
- Top down
- Arthur Lower Statement
What happened in 1867 was that the Crown in the fullness of its wisdom, decided to rearrange its administrative areas in British North America. All were cast into the crucible of imperial Omnicompetence and came out remelted. Should I name new and fused.”
Arthur Lower Interpretation Con’t
Implies central gov’t, as inheritor of British authority, has most power and can change the constitution.
- So explains who did confederation and where its power comes from.
Confederation Interpretations (2)
- Compact Theory
- About the provinces
- provinces decide on the nature of the new nation.
- It is an agreement between provinces and Fed gov’t.
- Provinces give feds power, but can change the agreement.
Compact Theory Con’t
- Tremblay Report
“The union of 1867 met the common needs of the provinces.”
- Implied provinces could take powers away if feds misused them.
Confederation Interpretations (3)
- Pact between French and English
The two founding nations
- Agreement between two founding nations.
- Argues confederation needs to meet the needs between French and English
- If it doesnt it can be taken apart - seperate party basis.
- Became unwritten spirit of the BNA
Pact Con’t
- George Stanley Quote
“idea of a compact between races was not a new one in 1865. It had already become the vital thing in our history. It influenced both the political thinking/vocabulary of the day and it was already on the way of becoming a tradition and a convention of our constitution.”
Pact Con’t
- Issues
- What about FN people?
- Not all like this theory as it makes Quebec out to be half the country and not just one province.
Possible Essay Question
- How did its process of confederation make Canada different from other nations?
- What might be some problems or strengths associated with this?
What happened after confederation?
- Focus on expanding westward
- Purchase of Rupert’s land
- George Cartier and William McDougall sent to London to negotiate in 1868
Boundaries of HBC
if the rivers emptied into the Hudson Bay then it counts as Rupert’s land.
Rupert’s Land Present Day
Western Quebec, Northwest Ontario, Manitoba, Most of Alberta and Saskatchewan, and parts of Nunavut and the Northwest Territories.
Rupert’s Land
- Not much contact with others
- Focused on fur trade
- Developed slowly to prevent interference with fur trade
- Only one colony at Red River
Inhabitants of Rupert’s Land
- Indigenous people, European fur traders, and Metis.
- Life centered on buffalo hunt, fur trade and farming.
- Metis had larger population than Europeans, but smaller than other indigenous people.
Center of HBC
- Fort Garry
Fort Garry, Assiniboia
- Current downtown Winnipeg
- Attractive to Eastern Canada due to fertile lands by Lake Winnipeg and the Fort.
- Central area for Metis people.
Why Expand West?
- Agriculture Settlement
- Land in Ontario was used up.
- Wanted resources – fertile land
Why expand west?
- Transcontinental Nation
- Sea to sea
- Many thought this would make Canada great
- Crucible for Canadian nationality
Why Expand West
- USA Annexation
- Also expanding
- Settlers already in area
- 1864 charter for construction of North Pacific Railway from St. Paul to Seattle
- USA had control over transportation, economics and population
- Bought Alaska for 7 million which cretaed fear of blocking Canadina expansion westward
USA Secretary of State
- William Seward
“I know that nature designs that this whole continent, not merely these 36 states, shall sooner or later be within the magic circle of American Union.”
Obstacles of Getting Territory
- Money
- Small population
- HBC owns a lot already
- Metis
Obstacles
- Real Estate
HBC wanted 40 million
- Canada paid with money and land.
- 1.5 mill, kept posts and land.
- Land sold for 120 million later.
Obstacles
- Metis in the area
- Not included in process
- Concerned about losing rights, culture, religion, hunting, etc.
- John A. MacDonald realized this was a mistake.
Metis Con’t
- MacDonald Statement
“no explanation, it appears, has been made of the arrangement by which the country is to be handed over. All these poor people know is that Canada bought the country from the HBC and they are handed over like a flock of sheep to us.”
What happened after purchase of Rupert’s Land
- Which Act?
- June 1869 Canadian Parliament passed “An Act for the Temporary Government of Rupert’s Land in the Northwest Territory”.
- First step was buy land, second step was set up gov’t.
- Wanted to make it a colony and not a province due to small population.
- So appointed governor and council and not elected. No reps in Ottawa.
What happened after Purchase Con’t
Third step was to get the land in order
- Sent surveyors and McDougall
- Residents viewed this as they would lose all rights
- Upset that small group called Canadianists already settled in area
Result of Surveyors
-Louis Riel
- Stopped surveyors/McDougall from entering land
- Set up provisional Gov’t - National Committee of the Metis
- Ceased Fort Garry - mostly peacfully
Declaration of the People of Ruperts Land and the North West
- Riel main author
- Wrote grievances and demands
- Willing to accept annexation if they were not stripped of property or denied religious, French language and education rights.
John A. MacDonald Response
- Wanted control of the area so USA would not enter conflict
- Sent catholoc bishop and Donald Smith to negotiate
- Tried offering Riel and leaders money and employment
- Delegation of Metis sent to Ottawa to negotiate.
Bill of Rights
- Included (5)
- Right to elect their own legislature
- A guarantee to connect Winnipeg by rail
- French and English to be language of the legislature
- Treaties to be ratified between the government and Natives
- Fair representation in the dominion parliament.
So they want what other parts of Canada already have.
Canadianists in Red River
- Upset with Metis for taking over area. Considered it treason to gov’t and now their job to stop them.
- Thomas Scott and others planned an attack against the provisional gov’t.
- Scott and others got arrested.
Thomas Scott
- Irish protestant from Ontario
- Led Canadianists
- Riel and Metis viewed his actions as treason against provisional gov’t.
- Held Metis trial.
- Executed March 4, 1870.
- Riel thought execution would show Canada they were serious.
Scott Execution Aftermath
- Ont vs. Quebec
- Produced outrage - Red River Rebellion now a national crisis.
- English protestant Ontario angry. Viewed Scott as trying to stop treason and was murdered.
- French catholic Quebec viewed Riel (french) as fighting for their rights against English expansion group and supported Scott’s death.
Aftermath Con’t
- Scott became a martyr - Poems, stories, songs, etc.
MacDonald Negotiated
Kept Quebec and Metis happy by giving them what they wanted.
- Entered confederacy as a province
To keep Ontario happy he sent an army to Red River colony to secure the NW.
Manitoba Act
- Passed July 18th, 1870
- Assiniboia location (Red River Colony) became Manitoba
- Act included the Bill of Rights
- Included both English and French language
- Set precedents for future provinces
- Seperate protestant and catholic school divisions
MacDonald/Force/Riel
- Sent military to area to show the Metis they could not do this again.
- Also show force so USA would not annex
- Riel fled to USA - found guilty for murder of Scott - five yr banishment from Canada
- Riel convinced he won victory, but another Metis rebellion happened a decade later.
BC Joins Confederation
- Why was it appealing?
- Debt due to gold rush
- Dislike for current gov’t
- Response to those wanting annexation
- Britain wanted them to join
Debt Due to Gold Rush (1)
- Most wealth for BC came from gold rush in 1858
- Victoria from 300 - 6000 people in 6 weeks
- Gold running out just before confederation - people left
- Town spent lots on infrastructure before people left and once they left the town became broke.
Gold Rush Cont.
- Britain tried solving financial issue by having the colonies of BC and Victoria combine into one colony
- Said to be first step of confederation
- Would reduce administrative costs
Dislike for Current Gov’t (2)
- after colonies united it was given colonial gov’t - appointed officials
- Many people came from the USA and wanted a democratic gov’t
- Thought if they joined Canada then they would have similar gov’t as the rest of Canada
Response to Those Wanting Annexation (3)
- Joining Canada was best option
- Joining would better protect BC as it was vulnerable - far from rest of Canada due to fur trading territory
- It would be surrounded
Why did some want to be part of USA?
- Many from USA
- Trade routes/main trading partner
- Steam ships came from there
- Many businesses came from USA.
Why did Canada win?
- White people saw BC as British outpost
- Gov’t follow British Tradition
- People in parliament were British
Britain wanted them to join (4)
- Canada wanted an empire but not the expenses. If BC joined then Canada could help financially, but not bear all of it.
- BC important link its all-red route to the orient - You had to go through British territory to travel anywhere in the world
- Outpost on North Pacific coast benefited Canada
Britain wanted them to join (4)
- William Gladston
Britain PM
“Victoria, as the San Francisco of NA, could achieve greater commercial and political power being part of Canada than as the capital of the isolated colony of BC”.
Amor De Cosmos
AKA
William Smith
- Born as Smith, but went by Amor De Cosmos which meant “lover of the universe”.
- Member of Vancouver Legislature
- Met at first confederation meeting in 1866 and argued BC should join.
- He did not like current gov’t
- Put motion forward and told they had to wait until deal is done with Rupert’s land.
William Cont.
and
Gov. Musgrave
1867 committee in Victoria voted for confederation
- Wrote Canada stating they had no mechanism to determine wishes of the people - no voting system.
- Musgrave became Governor. Previous NFL governor and told to encourage confederation.
Opposition to joining
- What did Canada offer?
- Already had ties with USA
- Nobody in colony from eastern Canada so no connection.
- No physical connection
- Parliament officials worried about their positions if they joined
Opposition Cont.
Concerns about the form confederation would take.
- Would enter as colony with little representation.
- Should not join until we have more power/democracy
1870 Delegates and Negotiations with Chretien
Went to Ottawa for talks
- Negotiated with Chretien
- Delegates wanted connection to economic activities
- Gov’t promised railway completed in 10 yrs
- Promised gov’t
- Promised to take over debt
- So they got an unreal deal.
Why did Canada agree to it all?
- Vision of sea to sea
- Did not want annexation
- Benefits from railway
- Connect to USA trade routes
- Easier to control Manitoba - land on both sides
- July 20, 1871 BC became 6th province
PEI Joins Confederation
- Joined in 1873
- At original meeting iin 1866, but never joined
- Eventually changed their minds.
Why did PEI change its mind?
Settlement of land issue
- Founded by English who parcelled land to favorites of the Crown
- People could not own their own land
- PEI wanted money to buyout the land and not have increased taxes.
- First meeting the gov’t could not get enough money from Britain to help.
What did PEI do about the Land?
PEI colonial gov’t boughtout one major land owner
- Looked into free trade with USA to get money to buy the rest.
- Britain panicked and said no to allowing PEI talks with USA. However, this upset many people.
Opposition to it?
(3)
- Canada originally unwilling to give money
- Lack of representation in parliament
- Upset people with Britain over blocking free trade wit USA.
PEI Got Governor Robert Haythorne
Haythorne opened up talks with Ottawa.
Canada offered:
- assumtion of debt
- annual subsidy
- Up to $800,000 for land (not solid)
- Railroads become dominion property
- Continuous communication with mainland.
PEI Reaction to Offer?
Said no.
- Started building its own railway
- Thought it would solve issues, but there were no cities with people moving around. Created more debt.
- At this point the colony had to increase taxes or join confederation. Vote went to confederation.
- Became 7th province.
- Canada now a transcontinental country with three oceans. Took 13 years.
Canada’s next step after getting lands.
They had the land, now they needed to shape it.
- Remove people occupying it (FN people)
- Wanted farmland
- Wanted done formally without war like the USA
- Create law enforcement before settlers
- Created numbered treaties
BNA Act
- FN Responsibility
BNA divided fed/prov powers
- FN was Federal resp
- This followed British tradition of working from the top down. So Feds in charge of treaty making now.
- Created treaties to put FN on reserves.
- 1871-77 first seven treaties done.
Royal Proclamation 1773
After Brits defeated France
- States that Britain would not enter indigenous territory without paying.
- Settlers not able to purchase the land - only gov’t - top down precedents.
- First legal recognition of land title.
Dominion Policy on FN People and Reserves
- Acknowledged land rights and wanted treaties in order to get FN to extinguish land rights for small payments.
Wanted reserves: - least fertile lands
- help with assimilation
- Wanted good farm land and to make FN farmers.
Problems with Treaties
- Gov’t thought they were buying land and FN thought they were sharing it.
- Language issues
- Cultural issues
- Reserves set up to fail - bad land
- Gov’t failed to deliver on terms
Cree Leaders
- Poundmaker
- 1876 Plains Cree met at Fort Carlton to discuss terms
- Wanted better deal - better training/rations/equipment for transition.
- Gov Morris of Manitoba said no.
- Eventually Poundmaker agreed to terms.
Cree Leaders
- Big Bear
Knew treaties would destroy way of life and culture
- Reserves
- Culture
- Seperation
- Signed in 1882 as people were starving
- Bison gone due to overhunting and USA military.
Gov’t tactics to avoid FN creating opposition.
- Signed deals with FN in most dire state.
- Used missionaries to encourage treaties.
How Gov’t forced Assimilation
- Treaties to get people on reserves
- Indian Act - Assimilation/Enfranchisement
- Outlaw ceremonies - Potlatch and Sundance
- Residential Schools
Indian Act
Allowed gov’t to create Indian Affairs Dep’t/Agents
- Control every aspect of FN life
- Made them wards/children of the Crown
- No citizenship or rights
- Reserves were training grounds to teach FN to become Europeans
- Once assimilated they could become citizens
Assimilation
- MacDonald Statement
Indian Act endoresed.
Not a bad word in 19th century
- Britain thought they had the best culture and FN were lucky to get the chance to become one of them.
- “the great aim of our legislature has been to do away with the tribal system and assimilate the Indian people in all aspects with the inhabitants of the dominion as speedily as they are fit for the change.”
Enfranchisement
Indian Act endorsed
How to become a citizen
- FN men only
- Good character
- Speak English or French
- No debt
- Women lost status by marrying non-natives - included Metis and other FN not recognized by the gov’t.
Outlaw Ceremonies
Potlatch and Sundance
- Missionaries played big part here
- Permit program to prevent travel
- Ceremonies survived as some were altered or done in secret
- Cannot assimilate if ceremonies continued.
Residential Schools
- First 3 in Western Canada in 1883
- 20 schools total
- Operated by Christian churches
- No oversights allowed abuse
NWMP
- Created by MacDonald in 1873
- Needed to cover vast lands
- Mounties part of vision of creating order in country - esp. west.
- Became national symbol
- Civil police force - better than USA garrison.
- Originally 300 people - open to corruption, but MacDonald made hired educated guys to prevent this.
NWMP Uniforms
- Kernal Robertson Ross
- Red - image and symbolism
- Different from blue USA uniforms - not liked
- Indigenous people agreed
- Crowfoot - uniform reps compassion and trust.
NWMP
- Sent west
-Arrived in 1874 with help from Metis scout Jerry Potts.
- Whiskey trade - killing off Indig people
- Cypress Hills Massacre
- USA folks killed assinboia people
NWMP West Cont.
- Police for settlers and indigenous
- Est. posts - Fort Macleod and Calgary
NWMP Ending
- Meant to be dismantled once provinces developed
- Became Royal NWMP in 1904
- 1906 Ab. and Sask. asked to keep NWMP.
- NWMP spread accross country
- 1920 NWMP absorbed Dominion police and became RCMP.
John A. MacDonald
- Scottish birth, but grew up in Kingston Ont.
- Smart, racist, and experienced
- By confederation had been in politics for a quarter of a century
- When became PM he was in that position for almost the rest of his life.
- Known as the MacDonald era.
- 6 majority govt’s and 19 yrs. in office
MacDonald and Cartier
Worked together
- Cartier helped MacDonald win and maintain support in Quebec.
- Both previoulsy PM of east and west.
- Both tories.
- MacDonald became conservative party leader, but no strong ideology, just focused on the voices of the people.
- Urged national unity
MacDonald, fires and Patronage
- Occasionally had to put out fires for groups (occasionally delayed)
- used patronage - giving contracts and jobs to people you know.
- more acceptable those days
- Some argued it kept the country together.
Pacific Scandal
Brought down Macdonald Gov;’t
- Bribery and patronage for railway
- Deal between Hugh Allan and MacDonald.
- Allan - wealth shipping guy and president of CPR in Montreal
- Allan donated lots to conservatives
1872 -
MacDonalds Election Policy
- Settle and develope west agriculturally
- Industrial develoment in the east
- Link the two via railway
Steps Towards Policy Goals
- Dominion Lands Act
- Trades Union Act
Policy 1 - Dominion Lands Act 1872 - Quarter section of land for cheap if settled for three yrs.
Policy 2 - Trades Union Act 1872 - Encouraged organized labor by allowing unions to strike.
Policy 3 - Railway caused issues - turned to Hugh Allan to solve which led to Pacific Scandal.
Liberals and Pacific Scandal
Stole telegrams and letters and published them.
- Telegrams between MacDonald and Allan creating deals
- People upset over Allan having American stockholders - USA money
- Cons still won election - minority
- MacDonald denied then said it did not matter because he did not personally profit form it.
- Own party voted against him and he resigned in 1873.
Liberals First Party
- Mackenzie
- Scottish stonemason
- Less flamboyant and more serious
- Born poor but made lots of money and he was careful with it. MacDonald born into money.
- Recession
- He did not get the “sir” title like the other PM. He did not want it.
Liberal Gov’t
- Problems
- Not ready to be in gov’t
- Lack of regional rep - no strong support nation wide.
- Pope published syllabus or errors in 1864 - included voting liberal.
- Unloyalty in the party - coalition of fractions who came together out of dislike for cons.
- Depression of 1874-78
Liberals
- Economics
- Liked farmers - good economic and social base for society
- Endoresed farmers viewpoint on tariffs being small.
- Favored free trade, cons favored protection.
- Libs advocated for provincial rights at the time.
Depression 1874-78
- Economic view
- Libs believe in free trade and economic laws - Adam Smith - invisible hand - let economy work itself out.
- Gov’t should cut costs and wait it out
- Made libs look like they had no power
- Forced to spend on railway, but only did sections at a time.
- Expanded trade with USA - George Brown went to Washington to negotiate free-trade agreement.
National Policy
Created by John A. MacDonald
- Created to unify Canada
- Focused on agriculture, industrialization, railway and protective tariffs.
- Same as last campaign, but called it something different.
National Policy
- Benefits
- Unify Canada via economic and ideological ways.
- Canada would trade with each other and benefit all
- Tariffs to high to trade with USA so we would become more independent.
National Policy
- Arguments Against
- Lack of trade with USA would make things more expensive
- Argued policy is regional, not national - good for central Canada, but not east or west. East and west would produce, but wealth would go central.
- Create inequality as workers/farmers would have to pay more for goods.
Liberals
- Constitutional Matters
Libs still in power and focused on constitutional matters over economics.
- Est. Supreme court as appeal court - JCPC was still the highest, but Canada could now review their own laws.
- Restricted powers of the GG - coulld not disallow legislation without consulting Canada parliament.
- Introduced secret ballot - Previously public, but lots of bribery and fighting.
- Ended practice of voting happening in one day nation wide.
Liberals
- Constitutional Matters Cont.
- Election results decided by courts, not politicians.
- Extended voting to all non-indigenous males.
- Ended system of dual representation.
Next Election 1878
Constitutional change was good, but nobody excited about it.
- MacDonald won with majority gov’t
- Funnier and more politcally savvy
National Policy
- Three Prongs
- Tariffs
- Railway
- Immigration
National Policy
- Railways
- Link 3.5 million people
- 2/3 longer than any other
- 5000 km of line
Why build Railway
- Transcontental vision
- Annexation
- Generate Income -Agriculture
- Fast/easy immigration and trade
- Promised BC.
Canadian Pacific Railway
- Leaders
George Stephen - Bank of Montreal President
Donald Smith - HBC executive
Sanford Flemming - Chief engineer who had the knowledge.
Stationed out of Montreal.
CPR Gov’t Contract (5)
In exchange for building the railway the gov’t gave
- $25 million
- $25 million in land
- 1200 km of already compleyed track
- Materials, stocks, and property exempt from taxes.
- monopoly clause: No competing line until 1900.
CPR Changed Route
- Why?
Originally along North Saskatchewan river, but moved south through Calgary.
- Get more people to use it.
- Coal further south good for the train
- Expedition said Lethbridge area good for settling.
- Changing route gave them access to more land use.
CPR
- Cornelious Van Horne
General manager and later CPR president
- Oversaw construction
- Pushed workers
- Promised 800 km track per year
- Hit Calgary by August 1883
CPR
- Chinese Workers
- Work was dangerous so gave it to chinese workers
- Brought here for construction
- Worked for less
- Saved 3.5 million in costs
- 3 died per 1 km of track
CPR Finances
- Money via loans, stocks, and gov’t.
- Asked gov’t for 22.5 million in 1883
- MacDonald said no at first, but then secretary reminded him that the railway was tied to campaign.
- Gave money with conditions - job appointments, support cons newspapers, build station in Quebec.
CPR Finances Cont.
1884 CPR needed more money.
- MacDonald said no.
- Then Metis rebellion happened in Sask.
- Helped justify giving rest of money for completion.
- Needed to get troops there.
National Policy
- Immigration
- First Groups
MacDonald wanted to settle west as part of national policy, but never happened in his time.
- Mennonites: From russia due to Russification policy and military constriction. Good farmers.
- 2000 Icelanders went to Winnipeg
- LDS people - Good dry land farmers
Immigration
- Why not right away?
- Push/Pull
Push Factors from homes.
- small land parcels
- cramped cities
- adventure
- prosperity
- no religious freedom
- ethnic persecution.
Pull factors for Canada
- Promise of 160 acres.
- growth of international trade
- Strong market on goods
- Job opportunities
Immigration
- Clifford Sifton
Minister of Interior
- Got rid of red tape
- Pressured HBC and CPR to sell land cheaper to settlers
- Simplified procedure for buying homestead
- Widened net of acceptable immigrants
- Wanted quality farmers - generational farming.
- Invested in advertising: Pamphlets portrayng Canada west with fertile land and good climate.
Immigration
- Who they wanted/not wanted.
- Brits and Americans
Based on an image and assimilation ease.
British: Including 80,000 poor or orphaned kids. Brits adjusted well.
Americans: same ethnicity and know farming.
- Not blacks though.
- Advertised climate differently to them over Whites.
- Newspaper claimed invasion of negros
- Only 1500 between 1901-1911
- No official laws though.
Immigration
- Wanted/not wanted cont.
- Chinese
Asian: Official laws
- Some allowed for railway and gold rush, but soon others complained.
- Made up 10 percent of BC pop.
- Created head tax: $500 by 1903
- 1923 Chinese Exclusion Act. First group excluded due to race.
- Act lasted until 1947 - end of WW2
Immigration
Wanted/Not wanted Cont.
- Japanese
- India
Japs not wanted, but let in 400 per yr due to alliances.
Part of British empire so should be allowed free movement, but Canadians on west coast opposed entry - Komagata Maru ship
Immigration
- Pyramid
So wanted immigration, but had a vison based on assimilation.
- Brits/Americans
- North/Western Europe
- Central/East Europe - work hard, don’ marry.
- Ukraines - dont assemble well
- Souther Europeans and Jews - City people
- Asians and Africans - don’t assimilate well.
Riel and 1885 Rebellion
- More violent than 1870 Red River
- Reason for violence and way the rebellion worked out is important due to reprecussions
- Trials and executions of rebellion leaders and long lasting political issues between English and French.
1885 Rebellion
- Reasons for Conflict
- Settler Grievances
- Metis Grievances
- Indigenous Grievances
1885 Rebellion
- Settler Grievances
Reroute of railway
- Bought land that is now worthless
- Railway 100km away
- Railway tied to Gov’t so mad at gov’t
Series of bad harvests
Lack of gov’t representation
- Gov’t focused on central canada
- Lived in territory before Sask and Alberta provinces
- This was criticism of national policy
1885 Rebellion
- Metis Grievances
Swamped by settlers
- Thousands of settlers moved to Manitoba
- Metis lost land rights
- 2.5 million hecters for Meties taken away and given to settlers
- Settlers outnumbered 5-1
- Bison about gone
- Gov’t wanted them to assimilate to farmers.
- Lots of hunger
1885 Rebellion
- Indigenous Grievances
- Loss of Bison
- Farming transition - not enough supplies and training
- Gov’t out of money (railway) they cut rations for Indigenous - could fend for themselves as always have.
- People starving
- Poundmaker warns gov’t of possible fighting - told to go home
- Young warriors upset with gov’t
1885 Rebellion
- Riel Enters
Metis needed someone with experience getting gov’t to listen
- Gabriel Dumont went and got Riel from Montana in 1884
- Riel had political and military support from Metis, not much from Indigenous community, but they hoped he could help.
- Riel different person - mental homes and called himself a prophet
- Believed he was leading a crusade.
1885 Rebellion
- Riel and Petition
Step 1 - Wrote a petition
- More liberal treatment
- Land grant for Meris
- Reps in Ottawa
- Reduction of tariffs
- Construction of Railway to HBC
1885 Rebellion
- Gov’t response to Petition
Created commission to look into it.
- Deal with it in a few years. Let them figure it out themselves.
- MacDonald did this lots. But never worked this time.
1885 Rebellion
- Riel Became more Radical
Step 2
- Occupied parish church
- Seized Indian agent and officials
- Formed provisional Gov’t. Worked in 1870
- Took control of town, but nobody dead yet.
1885 Rebellion
- Why Radical Move would Fail
- NWMP in area
- Railway got troops there within 1 week of provisional gov’t.
- Metis did not hold balance of power.
A few different events happeing at the same time.
- Riel goes after Fort Carlton
- Poundmaker and Battleford
- Bigbear and Frog Lake
Riel and Fort Carlton Battle
1885 March 21 - Riel calls for Fort Carlton to surrender
- 5 days later a fight breaks out
- Lasted 15 minutes, but 12 mounties, 5 metis and 1 indig killed.
Reinforcements arrive and NWMP evacuate to Prince Albert
Poundmaker and Battleford
March 30, 1885
- Raided battleford which was distribution centre.
- Raided settler houses
- 2 settlers killed while fleeing to Fort
Big Bear and Frog Lake
April 2, 1885
- Raided HBC stores
- Settlers ran to Fort Pitt
- 9 killed
Major Generals
- Middleton
- Strange
- Otter
- Final Battle
Troops
- 3000
- Three groups
- 200 volunteers and NWMP joined
- Numerous little battles
Batoche
- Final battle
- 850 soldiers and 350 Metis
- Metis ran out of ammunition
Aftermath
- Rebellion Leaders
- Riel captures
- Dumont escaped to USA
- Poundmaker Surrendured
- Big Bear turned himself in later
Death toll: 53 non-native and 35 Metis/Indig
Arrests and Trials
- Metis/Indig
Crown court over Military
- More than 125 convicted
- Many with treason - problematic as they were not citizens
- 11 Indig to death and 8 hung in Battleford at same time. Show of force.
- 1 Metis hung and 19 in jail
Poundmaker, Bigbear and One Arrow all got three years.
- All out after 2 for health issues
- All died within one year after that
Arrests and Trial
- Riel
Got treason, but American Citizen
- Went to old laws to do it
- Jury of 6 british men found him guilty
- Lawyers claim insanity, but riel refused it.
- Jury found guilty in 1 hr and suggested clemency
- Brits, USA and France called for clemancy
Gov’t overruled crt decision
- Wanted revenge for Scott
- MacDonald had him go to mental hopsital, but riel stated he was fine
- Hung Nov 16, 1885
- Riots in Quebec
Rebellion
- Conclusion
- Settler Society Transition
- Cost 6 million
- Last western rebellion
Settlers now dominated
- Elective assembly created 1 yr later
- No Metis involved
- Riel execution
- Imprisonment of Indigenous leaders
- CPR completion
Riel Rebel or Hero?
- Metis call it resistance for survival due to gov’t failure.
- Treason charges interesting
- French viewed as hero
- Led last stand before colonization
- USA view is Canada took American citizen and sentenced him for treason.
Manitoba Schools Act Controversy
Goes back to 1870 confederacy deal
- Guaranteed French Catholic language
- By 1890 French minority
- Prov Gov’t thought ok to pass school act due to this.
- Act important because at a time when Prov gov’ts trying to increase power.
Manitoba School Act 1890
- Ended public funding for Catholic schools
- Abolished French as official language
- Gov’t viewed conferedacy policies as outdated and not reality
- French believed Manitoba overstepped as they not invlolved at confederacy
- Viewed it as attack on French people in shaping Canada - Keep them in Quebec
Issues Raised Question
Did Fed or Prov gov’t have right to change provincial constitution?
- So what gov’t has what powers?
- With school - can feds override decision?
This is why Manitoba School Act was important.
- Opened up debates on gov’t relations
BNA Act
- Oliver Mowat
Intended federal power
- MacDonald he had to give some up in negotiations with provinces.
- Thought it would fade away
- Did not expect it from Oliver Mowat who founded confederacy.
- Referred to as “father of prov rights”
Compact Theory
- Mowat
- Mercier
Provinces entered agreement which can be chnaged by them. Feds just an organizer of agreement.
- Quebec Premier Mercier supported
- Both created first interprovincial conference in Quebec City in 1887.
Act happened at time when prov gov’ts trying to increase powers.
- They just used this one to get into it.
- Also at a time of political leadership change
Change of Leaders
MacDonald died in office in 1891
- No good relpacements, but just won election.
- Four quick relpacements
Four Leaders
- John Abbot
- John Thompson
- Mackenzie Bowel
- Charles Tupper
Abbot/ Thompson
Abbot
- 1891-93
- not obnoxious
- Did not want job, resigned in 1 year then died of brain cancer.
Thompson
- 92-94
- Catholic (not good)
- First Canadian born PM
- Introduced Criminal Code
- Died while visiting Queen Victoria
Bowell/Tupper
Bowell
- 94-96
- Not popular, thought party against him
- Called them all traitors
- Plaqued by school act
- Voted out by party
Tupper
- 1896 - lasted 69 days
- Confederation founder
- NS Premier
- Brought in just before election
1896 Election
- Wilfred Laurier
- First French Canadian PM
- Liberal
- Four consecutive elections
- Free trade guy, but public now wanted tariffs - agreed with National Policy
- Agreed with regional power, not feds. Cons wanted fed.
So issues leading to School Act
- Tupper vs. Laurier
Economy good for focus on powers.
- Power between gov’ts
- New Leaders
- New Lib gov’t protecting prov rights
Englaish Canadian Tupper supporting French minority rights vs. French Canadian supporting Provincial rights (English rights).
Laurier won election as he said he would focus on compromise to solve issue.
Precedents for Manitoba School Act
- New Brunswick
BNA said seperate school systems that existed by law in original four prov protected.
- NB schools system through customs, not laws.
- Issues when gov’t introdueced non-sectarian system
- NB many Catholic and thought it was right.
- Catholics asked feds for help
- MacDonald said it was prov power.
Laurier-Greenway Compromise 1896
Made deal with Manitoba Premier Thomas Greenway
- No funds for catholic schools
- 30 min for religious instruction
- Catholic teacher permitted if enough students
- Bilingual teaching if more than 10 kids
Many upset in Quebec, but Pope sanctioned it.
Industrialization/Urbanization
Economic Boom
Some success due to National Policy
- Growth in primary industries
- Led to secondary industires (roads, trains)
Canadian North and Pacific Nation joined trains
- Created jobs and connected people and market
Economic Boom
- Growing Investments
- Gov’t Incentives
- Investors from USA and UK - Wanted our resources
- Prov gov’ts gave grants to companies
- Gov’ts encouraged companies via little regulation
- If gov’t tried to regulate then company would say feds had that power - played both gov’ts.
Gov’t got Involved in Economy
- With small population only the state could take on tasks not immediately profitable
E.G., Ontario Hydro
- Need for cheap energy so gov’t wouldn’t let small company run it.
- Adam Beck - Mayor of London, On, got Crown Corp approved by 1925.
Changes in Investment Law
- Limited Liability
Limited liability concept
- If comp failed, then investors resp for only part of settlements
- So company would lose, but not individuals
- Less risky
Banks Encourage Growth
- Three Big Banks
Banks consolidated
- 48-8
- 300 - 5000 branches
- provided capital for new businesses
Three Big Banks
- BMO
- Royal Bank
- Bank of Commerce
So Canada economy growing due to
Primary/Secondary industries
- Gov’t providing incentives for outside investment
- Crown Corps
- Investment Laws
- Banks consolidating
Social Reform Movements
- Unions
- Trade Union Acts 1872
Early unions specialized
- Printers
- Gov’t refuesed recognition
First victory in 1872
- Trade Unions Act
- 100 printers off job for 2 months
- MacDonald - unions could exist, but be registered.
- Goes with National Policy
Unions Cont.
- Criminal Law Amendment Act 1872
Happened at same time as Trade Unions Act
- Penalties for protesting
- Could have a union, but not go on strike
Unions
- Women
- Minorities
Unions refused women
- Increasing their wages took jobs from men
Minoirities
- Cheap labour against union purpose
Religious Based Reform Movements
Pope stated that Catholics need to help workers
- People looked to the church over gov’t for help with social problems
E.G., Caisses Populaires (Credit Unions)
- Alphonse Desjardins.
- Small banks
- Helped give funding for small businesses and individuals
- Believed lack of capital hindering French Canadians living standards
Unions
- French Priests
Promoted Catholic unions
- Worried workers in normal unions would become materialistic
- Work with managers for cooperation and Christian charity
Another Reform Movement
- Prohibition
Some saw alcohol as problem
Temperance
- Personal choice not to drink
Prohibition
- Laws against it.
Prohibition Success
- Canada Temperance Act 1878
- PEI
Cities/towns can prohibit alcohol sales if electorates approve
- Raymond/Cardston votes
PEI
- Passed prohibition laws in 1901
- Other provinces did during WWI
Reform Movements and Suffrage
Links between reform movements and suffrage
Some got involved for their broader goals
- Education, Careers, etc.
- Reform movements allowed women to take front seat roles in advocating against gov’t.
Seperate Spheres
Need to know to understand arguments for and against women suffrage.
- People moving to cities
- Men working in factories and not at home.
- Home and workplace meaning now changing.
- Women primary caregivers now firmly in domestic sphere
- Men now in public sphere
Seperate Spheres Cont.
Philosophy says it is good for seperation.
- Women physically/emotionally unable to be in public sphere
- Women morally superior so stay home and teach kids
Seperate Spheres Cont.
- Religion
- Voting
Religion supported views
- Women to good for public
Voting
- Women did not need to vote
- Men knew best
- Wife could influence husband
Seperate Spheres
- Maternal Feminists
Women Argument
- Because moral superiority they should vote and play a role in politics
- Men are corrupt
- Women can clean things up.
- Wanted vote for other social reformed goals
Equal Rights Feminism
- Fight for natural law
- Fundamental equality
- All adults have right to vote
- Education and work open for everyone.
Shape of Suffrage Movement
- Dominated by middle class
- Many argued they had nannies which gave them time to fight for rights
- So the rights they are pushing for are class based.
Nativism
Support people already in your country and not those coming in.
- Middle/Upper class women should be able to vote over lower class immigrants
- Racist viewpoint in movement
- Indigenous and Asian men could not vote.
Nellie McClung
- Maternal Feminist
- Social Reformist
- Winnipeg
- Women wanted vote for other changes
- Joined Woman’s Christian Temperance Union for a social problem she wanted resolved and it got her into politics.
- Women suffered from prohibition
Emily Stowe
Equal rights feminist
- Doctor and school principle
- Quaker background - believed in equality
- Refused from med school - women - went to USA
- Started Women’s Suffrage Association
- Western women had support of farmers
Steps of Gaining Rights to Vote
- Provincial
- First in provinces
- 1872 in BC
- Ontario 10 yrs later
- 1916 election fought on reformed platform including suffrage
- Manitoba Libs supported it.
- PEI added women in 1922
Right to Votes
- Quebec
- Marie Lacoste Gerin-Lajoie
Church fought against it
- Marie led fight in Quebec
- Started organizations to bring together other female organizations
- Strongest oppostion from women who thought suffrage a threat to their identity.
- Quebec women got right to vote in 1940.
Federal Vote
- Military Voters Act
- War Times Election Act
MVA
- 1917 - vote right extended to women serving.
WTEA
- Wives, children or mother of thsoe serving could vote
Gov’t wanted draft passed
- Thought people close to those overseas would vote in favor of it.
1918 British women over 21 could vote.
1970 changed to 18.
WWI
What started WWI
Assassinatin of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbia.
- War got bigger as allies forced to join.
When/Why did Canada Join
Aug 4, 1914
- Still British colony
Canada’a Initial Reaction
Excited about it
- Borden met with parliament who cheered
- Parades and singing
- Thought necessary for survival
- Viewed it as good vs. evil.
- Democracy against autocracy
Why did Men Enlist?
- Patriotic
- Practical
Patriotic Reasons
- Thought is would be short
- Wanted to be heros
Practical Reasons
- Job after recession
- Wanted to help Canada prove itself against world.
Enlistment and Minorities
- Africans
- Indig/Asians
Discouraged visible minorities
Africans pushed and got own battalian
- No. 2 Construction Battalian
- Officers were white
- No combat, saved for whites.
Indigenous/Asian
- Not allowed. Claimed enemy would not receive same respect as other soldier. Crap lie.
- FN unit (114th) created, but split up later.
- Ducky Norwest accomplished sniper
Why would Immigrants Enlist?
- Show support for country taking them in.
- Hoping to get citizenship and voting rights.
- Job
By 1917 restrictions lifted.
On Home Front
- War Measures Act 1914
Canada not ready for war
- Passed Acts to grant themselves power.
War Measures Act
- Vague wording on purpose
- Gov’t does not need parliament approval
Borden’s First Change
- Register Aliens
People in Canada from enemy countries
- Given ID cards
- Check in with police
- Some interned
- 24 camps
- Forced Labour - national parks
Great War
- War of attrition
Thought this war would end all wars.
Goal was to kill as many people as possible
Advanced weapons
- Planes
- Tanks
- Guns
- Chemicals
Static War
- Trenches
Large pieces of land with trenches on both sides
- Most Canadians served in them on western front
- Troops rotated in and out
- Lots of shelling and artillery
- Sleep deprivation
- Vermon
- Shell shock (PTSD)
Royal Airforce
Many joined Brits airforce
- Called Flying Aces
- Points for shooting down enemies
- Ray Brown shot Red Baron
- Billy Bishop shot 72 - Victoria Cross
- Planes new and many died from crashing.
WWI = Total War
- Economy
Total resources committed to war
- Pulled in economy
- Started regulating production/distribution of food and fuels.
- Started censoring people
Resentment in Canada
People getting mad
- Lack of food/fuels
- Sons dying
- Factories built in Central Canada
- Workers and poor giving up more
- Unity in Canada cracking
Canada Needs Money
- Victory Bonds
- Direct Taxation
Bonds
- Buy bonds now and cash in later for more money
Taxation
- Business profit tax
- Federal income tax
- Supposed to be temporary
Women in the War
- Direct Service
- Traditional Work
- Recruiting
Nurses
- Hospital, ships, trains
Traditional work
- Clothing
- Victory gardens - Food
- Fundraising
- Patriotic fund for serving families
- Enter workforce
Recruiting
- Persuade husbands/sons to go
- Their job to sacrifice family
- Shame men who don’t enlist
Imperial War Cabinet
- David George
Brits never included Canada at beginning of war
- Canada wanted involvement
- David George got dominion countries involved in London via cabinet
- Replaced Brit officers with Canadian
Arthur Currie
First commander of Canadian Core
- Strategist
- Won many battles including Vimy.
Battle of Vimy Ridge
Northern France
- Very well defended
- Canadians charged with taking it back
- April 9, 1917 (Easter)
- 70,000 Troops
- 3598 killed, 7000 wounded
- Canadians called storm troopers
Trend of Major Losses
- Battle of Ypres: 2000
- Battle of Somme: 8000, NFL lost 3/4 of regiment
- Battle of Vimy 3600
Need more Troops
David George calls on Canada
- Borden promises 500,000 troops
- Conscription on the way
Some not Pulling Weight
- Quebec
Not enlisting as much as other provinces
- Not their war
- No strong ties to Brits or France
- Traditional Catholics - France Athiest
- Many farmers -married with obligations
- Army was English speaking
- Recruiter was english speaking methodist
- Issues with Ont. School system - country denies them then asks for help.
Bordens Admin Expired
Elected in 1911, but next election in 1917
- Convinces Libs of coalition gov’t before he called election.
- Thought if both gov’ts in agreeance then conscription would be easier.
Conscription Starts
May 1917
- Borden justified by stating war was defensive
- Big deal as traditionally it was about volunteering.
Done in two stages.
- Passed bill before election
- Enforced after election
Military Service Act 1917
- Conscription Act
- Opposition
Quebec did not like gov’t forcing them to fight for Brits
- Anti conscription parades
- Turned into riots after enforced
- Easter riot left 10 dead
Others Opposing
- Farmers - sons already contributing
- Workers: could lead to industrial conscription
- Poor upset they are giving more
Some liked conscription - Democratic and sacrifice now equal
Military Voters Act
Soldiers get to vote
- Gender does not matter
- nationality did not matter
- If vote not specified, then gov’t could change it
Wartime Election Act
Vote to
- mother, wife, daughter of servicemen
Vote From
- People refusing to fight
- Aliens
- If you refuse to enlist you don’t get rights - tied to citizenship
Halifax Explosion
Dec 6, 1917
- Two ships collide in harbour
- One had munitions
- Largest man made explosion until Hiroshima
- 1600 killed, 9000 wounded
- Created tital wave
USA Joins
German submarine warfare in North Atlantic
- USA got involved in 1918
- Germans trying to win before USA arrives
- Final push had over 100,000 deaths
- 16,000 Canadians in Passchendaele Spring Battle
- Canadians turn tide in last 100 days
Final Battle
- City of Mons
- Brits lost city in 1914
- Canadians take it back on Nov 11, 1918
War ended - 650,000 Canadians fought
- 60,000 killed
- Population was less than 8 million
Spanish Influenza
30-50,000 Canadians killed
- Soldiers came home to find family dying
- Started in USA and moved with soldiers
- 20 million killed world wide
Treaty of Versailles
and
League of Nations
Borden got Canada signature
- Symbolic
League of Nations
- Goal to prevent another world war
- Canada got seat despite being a dominion
- Lost more than USA did.
