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Human Geography Flashcards

1
Q

What is Human Geography?

A
  • Geo + graphie = literally “writing about” or “describing” the earth.
  • Tries to describe spatial patterns and identify their underlying causes.
  • Concerned with patterns and processes of human phenomena -development/expansion of settlements, food production, patterns of cultural activity, population changes and geopolitical relations
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2
Q

Human Geography
- Textbook Definition

A

The study of patterns and processes of the earth’s human or social environments, including population change, economies, cultures, politics, settlements, and human interactions with the natural environment.

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3
Q

Definiton - Related to 3 Questions

A

Where? - Descriptive location of place

Why there? - Underlying causes as to why it is done there.

Why care? - Why is it beneficial? Est. moral theories for making a value judgement of human activities.

T-Shirt example in text book.

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4
Q

Geographical Perspective Explained

A

Human Geog broke into subdisciplines: population, economic, culture, etc.
- What unifies all disciplines is the concern about how things vary across the earth surface.
- How is pop distributed, how do economic activities vary?
- Approach to answering these questions is called geographical perspective.
- Geographers view phenomena and think about their spatial distribution (understanding change over space)

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5
Q

Geographic Concepts

A

Every discipline useds simple terms in specialized ways.
- Space
- Place
- Region

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6
Q

Space
- Definition
- Two types

A

The ariel extent of something on earths surface.
- Geopgraphers measure space in two ways - absolute space and relative space.

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7
Q

Absolute Space

A

Amount of space that can be measures with definable boundaries
- How big is Lethbridge?
- Mathematical accurate
- Home property boundaries
- Country borders
- Property lines are fixed and areal extent of property is not open to interpretation.
- Can be measured in Square units or hectares.

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8
Q

Relative/Perceptual Space

A

Subjective and based on a persons perception.
- Perception is based on knowledge and experience.
- Golf - hole is far away for beginners, but not pros.

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9
Q

Mental Maps

A

An image of the way space is organized influenced by an individuals knowledge or experience in that space.
- Mental map based on our perception
- Map of Lethbridge would be different for everyone.

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10
Q

Scales
Global Vs. Local

A

A study area in the context of the whole earth.
Global: Area being studied closely approximates the entire earth
Local: Focus is on small protion of the earth such as a country or region.

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11
Q

Location
- Definition
- Two Types

A

Specific space that does not change.
- Absolute and relative

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12
Q

Location
- Absolute Locations

A
  • Use system of reference points to identify a precise location
  • Constant between observers as it is pinpointed on global grid system (long and latit)
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13
Q

Location
- Relative Location

A

Location of a certain place determined by location of other places.
- Varies with observer

I.E. Where is Edmonton?
- 300 km North of Calgary
- 50 bucks in gas

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14
Q

Location
- Nominal/Toponym Location

A

Nominal: Refer to a location by its common name.

Toponyms = common name. Associated with particular places and reflects the culture of the individuals naming them, the place itself, and its characteristics

  • Lethbridge is the name of a few places, but we think of our city. It has different meaning to us.
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15
Q

Two key Components of Location
- Site and Situation

A

Site: Internal physical characteristics of a location - climate, topography and elevation.

Situation: external connections between a location and other locations.

  • Thinking about a city based on its strategic location. I.E. Calgary - is an oil location.
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16
Q

Place

A

A specifial location
Has acquired particular meaning or significance.
- It is considered a place if it has meaning to me, but to someone else who has no attachment to it, it is simply a location.

Raymond - has meaning to me so it is a place and not a location.

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17
Q

Place
- Sense of Place

A

Builds on definiton of place
- feelings evoked by a place such as home, that result from experiences there.
- Feelings positive or negative

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18
Q

Place
- Sacred Places
- Placelessness

A

Sites that are significant for religious, political, or other reasons, to an individual or group.

Places we encounter daily and have no meaning to us.
- Fail to prodeuce sense of community.
- They are standardized/homogenous
- Fast food places
- Box stores

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19
Q

Region

A

Area defined by shared characteristics
- Cultural
- physical
- combination of both.

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20
Q

Regionalization

A

Subdividing large areas into several smaller regions
- Usually involves generalized statements - the prairies, rocky mountains, the north.

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21
Q

Types of Regions

A
  1. Formal (uniform) regions
  2. Functional (nodal) regions
  3. Vernacular (perceptual) regions
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22
Q

Formal (Uniform) Regions

A

A region that has shared characteristics.
Physical: prairies
Politcal: Cons

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23
Q

Functional (Nodal) Regions

A

A region organized around a node or focal point, and unified by specific economic, political, or social activity.
- Has a shared function

Further away from that node the less important it is.
- Church - many people in the area will worship there, but its importance dwindles the further away you get.

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24
Q

Vernacular (Perceptual) Region

A

Shared perception of area.
Defined by cultural identity of a group and sense of place.

Raymond - LDS church culture

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25
Q

Landscape
- Physical
- Cultural

A

Visible characteristics
- Can be physical or cultural
- Physical - rocky mountains
- Cultural - modifications to the land made by humans.

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26
Q

Distance
- Absolute
- Relative

A

Space between two entities

Two Units
- Absolute: Physical distance (Km)
- Relative: Experience - time, cost, psychologocal, or social.

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27
Q

Concepts: Interaction, Communication, and Movement

A

Space, place, location and region all refer to the earths surface.

But human Geographers also interested in people and places and these concepts build our understanding of how people inhabit the places they do.
- Distribution, Diffusion and Interaction

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28
Q

Distribution

A

Patterns identified through varying distances between objects.

Three components:
- density: How often phenomena exists
- concentration: phenomena clustered/dispersed - car lots
- pattern: spatial arrangements - houses in patterns.

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29
Q

Diffusion and Interaction

A

Two concepts used to understand connections between people and places.

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30
Q

Diffusion

A

Spatial connections through spread and growth.
- Reps one way change occurs

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31
Q

Cultural Diffusion
- Relocation
- Expansion

A

Where an idea or innovation spreads from its source to other places.

Relocation
- People move and physically take phenomena with them.

Expansion
- Spread of culture without individual movement.

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32
Q

Expansion Diffusion occurs Via:
Contagious
Hierarchial

A

Contagious
- Similar to disease
- greater # of contacts and closer people are the faster it spreads.

Hierarchial
- Through key people or places first.
- Music

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33
Q

Interaction (Spatial)

A

Space affects interaction.
- Through distance between locations
- Through site qualities.

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34
Q

Distance
- Toblers First Law of Geog

A

“everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things”

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35
Q

Interaction Cont.
-Distance Decay

A

The effects of distance on spatial interaction.
- The further we have to travel for something, the less likely we are to do so.
- Buying groceries

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36
Q

Friction of Distance

A

The effect of distance is not static

Affected by technology, other factors
- Cars, communication, money

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37
Q

Site Qualities
- Accessibility
- Connectivity

A

While distance influences where you go, so does accessibility and connectivity.

Accessibility
- Ease with which a location can be reached.

Connectivity
- Direct and indirect linkages between two places.
- Phones, cars, trains.

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38
Q

Geographical Tools (2)

A

Two distinct tools
1. Maps: gather, convey, and analyze spatial information.
2. Recent Geomatics Technologies: Enhance gathering, conveying, and analyzing practices.

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39
Q

Geographical Tools
- Maps
- Cartography

A
  • Used for 8000 yrs - clay tablets in Turkey
  • 3000 yrs. ago Greeks advenced mapping techniques.
  • Use visual techniques

Cart: The art and science of map making. Used info from surveryors until 1960s. Now maps done digitally.

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40
Q

Global Grid

A

Needed to make maps
- Two arc systems created a grid across earths surface.
- Arcs of latitude and longitude.
- Absolute location for any point on earth can be described using this grid system.

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41
Q

Global Grid
- Acrs of Latitude

A

Run horizontal scross the earth
- Best known line is the equator
- Called parallels because each line repping a different degree of latitude, runs parallel to the others.
- Parallels measured as angles form earths centre.

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42
Q

Global Grid
- Arcs of Longitude

A
  • Run perpendicular to lines of latitude which are meridians that connect at the two poles.
  • Best known line is prime meridian which reps 0 degrees.
  • Arcs measured as angles from the earths axis.
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43
Q

Global Grid
- Time Zones

A

Created in 19th century to co-ordinate international movement (trains).
- Help create shipping times and keeping time.
- 24 zones of 15 degrees (sun passes 15 degrees of longitude every hr).
- Zones also created politically and socially.

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44
Q

Map Scale
- Large Vs. Small

A

All maps are scaled models of the earth
Scale relates map distance to absolute distance.
- Large scale maps show small areas with less info - world map
- Small scale maps show lots of info - city maps

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45
Q

Map Projection

A

Required to convert 3 dimensional space onto 2 dimensional images.
- Different projections for different needs
- Distort size, shape and distance of space

Mercator projection and navigation
- Planar projections
- Conic projections
- Cylindrical projections

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46
Q

Map Forms and Types
- Reference Maps

A

Designed to illustrate locations such as towns, cities, and buildings.
- Combine coordinate systems (lat/long) as needed to plot locations or navigate.
- Road maps and transit routes

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47
Q

Map Forms and Types
- Thematic Maps

A

Designed to illustarte analysis.
- Illustrate patterns or trends
- Political voting maps

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48
Q

Thematic Maps
- Four Types

A

Map type depends on the information being presented and the message the map is intended to convey.
1. Dot Maps
2. Choropleth Map
3. Isoline Map
4. Cartograms

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49
Q

Thematic Maps
- Dot Map

A

Each dot reps an occurance of the phenomena being mapped.
- Maps that show cases of illness and disease within a town
- Sport maps on history of goals.

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50
Q

Thematic Maps
- Choropleth Map

A

Uses colour or shading to indicate differences in an area.
- People per km

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51
Q

Thematic Maps
- Isoline Map

A

Lines that link points with the same measurement.
- Maps of mountiains from above that have lines that show elevation.

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52
Q

Thematic Maps
- Cartograms

A

The size and shape of space is distorted to emphasize the attributes being mapped.
- Difference indicated by distortion of area size.
- Area of provinces distorted to demonstrate its share of the population.

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53
Q

Spatial Analysis and Geomatics Technologies

A

Used to obtain data for map making.
- Previously used information from surveys and people.

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54
Q

Geomatics Include Four Technologies

A
  1. Remote sensing
  2. Computer – assisted cartography
  3. Global positioning systems (GPS)
  4. Geographic information systems (GIS)
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55
Q

Remote Sensing

A

Obtaining spatial data using both photographic and non-photographic sensor systems to monitor the earth and its surface features from a distance
- Conventional camrera used until the 1960s.
- Now we have satellites and drones
- Satellites measure electromagnetic radiation.
- Internet and Google images also aid in info gathering from a distance.

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56
Q

Computer Assisted Cartography
AKA
Digital Mapping

A
  • Previoulsy we drew things on paper and sent it to the printer.
  • Now done via computer
  • Can create, amend and update info
  • Create map features
  • Loss of drafting skills, but still need to design.
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57
Q

Global Positioning System
(GPS)
- What is it and Controversies

A

Satellite system used to determine the absolute location.
- GPS devices and phones detect signals from satellites and give us our exact location and elevation.

Controversies
- Daily activity with digital maps are a participatory process. Meaning our devices gather info while we use them - driving habits for apps.
- Privacy and permission issues
-

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58
Q

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A

Computer-based tool that captures, stores, displays, analyzes, and maps large volumes of spatially referenced data.
- geographers combine multiple layers of spatial data to reveal spatial distributions and patterns, and to uncover spatial processes (population growth). All in one digital map.
- Example on page 33 of text about creating an urban map.

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59
Q

People and Places
- How to understadnd interactions

A

Human geography is all about studying people and places and the interactions between the two.
- One way to understand this interaction is through building your geographical “awareness”.
- No specific formula to do this.
- Know key places and something about them.
- Think about connections and how will these key places affect other locations?
- Ukraine issue or China issue with COVID

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60
Q

Demography
Studies (3)

A

The science that studies
- Population size and composition (Age, sex)
- The processes influencing population change (fertility, mortality)
- The links between populations and the larger human environments they are part of.

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61
Q

Population Distribution

A

Refers to where people are located and in what numbers.
- key concern of human geography.
- Info found through census

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62
Q

Population Distribution
- Three key elements
- Three Factors

A

Elements
1. Concentration - populations clustered or dispersed.
2. Density - why do more live in one area than another?
3. Pattern - No idea

Three Factors
1. Physical - Climate, water, soil
2. Cultural - History, migration, religion
3. Economic - politics, jobs, living cost.

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63
Q

Distribution or World Population

A

People prefer living in certain places more than others, and these preferences are linked to both human and physical geographic factors.

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64
Q

Dist of World Pop
- Three areas of historic concentration

A
  • South-Central Asia clustered along key rivers and coasts
  • East Asia clustered toward east coast along rivers, disperses to west.
  • Europe (including Russia) clustered toward west and along rivers, relatively more urban.
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65
Q

Other Regional Patterns/Trends

A
  • Growth in Afrcia and South Asia
  • China pop will decline by 2050
  • Nigeria will double in pop: fertility, better healthcare.
  • Disease will affect populations
  • See effect on death rates in the future due to COVID
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66
Q

Population Density

A

Amount of population over area.
– # of people per square km.

Country size does not matter.
– most populated tend to be small islands
Patterns reflect historic agricultre and the prodictivity of the land.

67
Q

Population Dynamics
and
Components

A

How does populaiton change happen?

Components:
1. fertility
2. mortality
3. migration

68
Q

Population Dynamics
- Global Level Equation

A

P1 = P0 + B - D
P1 = population at the beginning of time period 1

Po = population at the beginning of time period o (before time period 1)

B = number of births between time periods o and 1

D = number of deaths between time periods o and 1

69
Q

Population Dynamics
- Subglobal Equation

A

Includes migration
P1 = P0 + B - D + I – E

Pi = population at the beginning of time period 1

Po = population at the beginning of time period o (before time period 1)

B = number of births between time periods o and 1

D = number of deaths between time periods o and 1

I = number of migrants into the area (immigrants) between times o and 1

E = number of migrants out of the area (emigrants) between times o and 1

70
Q

Measuring Fertility
- Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

A

Total live births in a given
period (1 yr.) for every 1,000 people already living.

71
Q

Measuring Fertility
- Total fertility Rate (TFR)

A

Average number of children a women will have, assuming she gives birth at age-specific rates, as she passed through child-bearing years.

  • Between 2.1 and 2.5 is considered replacement level
  • Lower than this then the population will decline
  • More will result in population growth
72
Q

Factors Affecting Fertility
(Biological)
- Fecundity

A

To accurately reflect fertility patterns we measure fecundity (fecund years)
- potential ability of a women to have children.
- Affected by age, nutrition and well-being.

73
Q

Factors Affecting Fertility
(Economic)

A
  • Traditional societies = large families
  • Modern societies = small
  • Cost-benefit decision
  • Affected by economic factors and social needs
74
Q

Factors Affecting Fertility
(Cultural)

A

Marriage age
- affects fecund years

Contraceptive use
- more people use now
- More use in developed countries

Views on abortion

75
Q

Variations in Fertility
- Spatial

A
  • Correspond to economic development, but not root cause
  • Developed/Industrialized = fertility decline
  • Fertility higher for women with less education and lower income.
76
Q

Measuring Mortality
- Crude Death Rate

A

Total deaths in 1 year for every 1000 people
CDR= #of deaths divided by mid year population x 1000
Does not factor in age. Very young and old = more chance of dying.

77
Q

Measuring Mortality
- Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

A

Another measure of mortality surrounding age structure
- Death of infant under 1 per 1000 live births
- Declining due to healthcare

78
Q

Life Expectancy

A

Not a mortality measure
- good indicator of well-being
- Anticipated average number of years lived.

79
Q

Factors Affecting Mortality

A

CDR can neever be zero.
- Food availability
- Nutrition quality
- Sanitation quality – Personal and physical (bathrooms)
- Healthcare availability and quality
- Disease: COVID
- Conflict – wars

80
Q

Variations in Mortality
- Why Study Mortality?

A

Studying death stats tell us how people lived their lives.
- World patterns of CDR less than CBR
- Life expectancy reflects economic-socio development

Varies between countries
- Russia high CDR - old age
- Afrcia high - poverty, healthcare

Varies within countires
- Africa high CDR - poverty
- Africa LE rates also lower

81
Q

Natural Increase
- Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
- Population Momentum

A

RNI is CBR-CDR x 10
- RNI is 12 per 1000 = 1.2%
- World pop increasing, but at decreased rate.
- World pop double in 39 yrs.

Pop increase due to increase in females in fecund years.

82
Q

Government Policies
- Mortality Policy

A

Mortality policy generally aims to lower deaths
- Vaccines

But sometimes have policy to increase death rates.
- defund healthcar
- War drafting
- Genocide

Fertility policy is variable
- Raise or decline based on needs
- China one kid rule.

Some gov’ts do not have any policy.

83
Q

Pro-Natalist Policies

A

Typically in places dominated by catholic or Islamic theology.

Social or political reasons
- large pop needed for economy
- dominant ethnic group in danger of being overrun by small ethnic group.

Increase fertility via
- Financial incentives
- Cheap day care

84
Q

Anti-Natalies Policies

A
  • Common after 1960
  • Less developed countries
  • Feared carry capacity exceeded
  • China one kid policy
  • Families told to plan their families
85
Q

Age and Sex Structure
- Three General Patterns

A
  1. Pop expanding = High proportion of pop in young groups
    - High fertility means next age group larger.
  2. Pop stable = each age group same size.
  3. Pop decline = Older groups larger than smaller.
86
Q

Global Population Aging

A

Year 2000: First year people under 14 outnumbered by people over 60.
- Declining fertility and increased Life Expectancy..
- Pop aging is when older folks make up larger portion of pop.

87
Q

Global Population Aging
- Consequences

A
  • Stress on pensions and social benefits
  • Economy faces strain as less workers to support non-working
  • Lead to new patterns of disease and disability
88
Q

Dependancy Ratio
AND
Old - Age Dependancy Ratio

A

P 0-14 + P65+ divided by P15-64 X 100

P65+ Divided by P15-64 X 100

89
Q

History of Population Growth
- Three Reasons

A
  • Historically pop growth related to climate and food availability.
  • Overtime humans became free of these constraints.

Reasons for Growth
- Agriculture
- Industialization
- Urbanization

90
Q

Population Projections
- Debates

A
  • Growth slowing
  • Pop levelling by 2050

Debates
Pessimits: Natural limits can be reached.
Optimists: Technology will increase limits.

91
Q

Explaining Population Growth
- Theories (3)

A

Hard to predict with many variables.

Three Theories
1. S- Shape Curve Model
2. Malthusian Theory
3. Demographic Transition

92
Q

S-Shape Curve Model

A

Carefully controlled experimental conditions

Growth begins slowly, then increases rapidly (exponentially), and finally levels out at a ceiling.

Pop growth may workout this way by 2200.

93
Q

Malthusian Theory
- Essay
- Observations/Hypothesis

A

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834). An Essay on the Principle of Population 1798
Developed hypothesis and observations
- Food production increases at an arithmetic rate
- Population increases at a geometric rate
- Hypothesis: Population will exceed food supply.

94
Q

Malthusian Theory
- Preventive Checks

A

Prevent consequences by reducing fertility though checks such as:
- Delayed Marriage
- Moral Restraint

Positive Checks
Humans unable to voluntarily adopt checks unless in extreme circs:
- War
- Famine

Theory lost favor as birth rates reductions and emigration eased population pressures.

95
Q

Why was Malthus Wrong?

A
  • Passion between sexes is constant
  • But females regulate fertility

Food production = f (yield + arable land area)

Yield
- Agricultural developments post 1750

Arable land area
- New World

96
Q

The Demographic Transition

A

Descriptive - describes changing levels of fertility and mortality.

Based on experience/facts and not hypothesis.

Advantage: more realistic

Disadvantage: does not offer prediction for future.

See Pg. 67 Model

97
Q

Migration

A

Also affects distribution of population.
- Long-term relocation of an individual or group
- Humans always migrate: Euro to America
- Expanded resource base: Agriculture facilitated pop increase and culture change.

98
Q

Why People Migrate?
- Push Pull Logic

A

Push-Pull Logic
- Favorable/unfavorable conditions
- Natural environment, economic, politics

Problematic Assumption: All people behave according to one logic.

99
Q

Why People Migrate?
- Moorings

A

Moorings are issues through which individuals give meaning to their lives.

People move for reasons that give purpose to them.
- Career/Education
- Class structure
- Climate

100
Q

The Selectivity of Migration

A

Different factors affect an individual’s choices
- Age
- Marital status
- Gender
- Occupation
- Education

Impact of policy, other political and social restrictions
- Military service policy if they pay for education

101
Q

Types of Migration (5)

A

Primitive
- Pre-industrial, environmental causes
- Land slides, volcanoes, etc

Forced and impelled
- Political/social coercion
- East-west trans-Atlantic slave trade

Free migration
- Free will

Mass migration
Illegal migration

102
Q

Health Geographies

A

Another Discipline
- distribution and diffusion of disease and poor health.
- the risks and effects of environmental contaminants (air, water pollution)
- socio-economic determinants of health (old folk facilities)
- uneven access to and availability of health care

103
Q

Distribution and Diffusion of Disease
- Disease Connected To
- Why Study?

A

Many diseases connected to
- natural environments
- social conditons

Studying
- Mapping spatial distributions helps prevent illness.
- E.g., Ebola - tropical environments - risks increased by social conditons
- E.g., Aids - Tropical - social behaviors spread it.

104
Q

The Epidemiological Transition
- Four Stages

A

Demographic transition leads to shift in prevalance of types of disease.

  1. Age of pestilence and famine
  2. Age of receding pandemics
  3. Age of degenerative diseases
  4. Age of delayed degenerative diseases
105
Q

Age of pestilence and famine

A
  • Dominance of infectious and parasitic disease
  • LE short
  • typhus, cholera, and the plague.
106
Q

Age of Receding Pandemics

A

Beginning of control of disease
- public health
- sanitization
- nutrition

LE starts rising

107
Q

Age of Degenerative Diseases

A

Increase in chronic and degenerative conditions associated with aging.
- Cancer
- Cardiovascular disease
- Alzheimers

108
Q

Age of Delayed Degenerative Diseases

A

Extension of third age

Life-extending medical care and prescriptions allow long LE

109
Q

Health Care

A

Shift from disease focus to health focus

Healthcare provisions
- Public, private and hybrid systems

110
Q

New PowerPoint:
Global Inequality

A
111
Q

What (and where) are the More and Less Developed Countries

A

First world: Capitalist
Second: Socialist
Third: Another economic route

Later came terms developed and under developed.

112
Q

Defining Development
- Traditonal Ways
- GDP
- GNP

A

Economic and social development measured by:
- size and power of a country’s economy.

Currently
Can be measuered via:
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- Produced in country

Gross National Product (GNP)
- Produced in country and out

Allows for easy comparions
Does not consider cost of living differences.

113
Q

Defining Development Cont.
- Ethnocentric
- Eurocentric

A

Definitions of development sometimes ethnocentric.
- Stereotype that your culture is natural and all others are inferior.

Others argue concept of development is Eurocentric.
- A view that places Europe as the benchmark for all comparisons.

114
Q

Measuring Economic Development
- GNI
- Four Categories
- Developmentalism

A

World development report uses Gross National Income (GNI) to measure development.
They group countries into four categories”
1. Low income
2. Lower-middle income
3. upper-middle income
4. High income

One problems with this ranking is it creates developmentalism.
- Assumes all areas proceed through same stages of development.
- As countries become technologically advanced their GNI should increase.

115
Q

Measuring Economic Development
- Cost of living
- Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

A

Presents challenges when comparing GDP to other countries.
- Every place has different costs.

This is overcome by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).
- Calculate local cost of product/services and create exchange rate for each country.
- Exchange rate interprets buying power of a country’s average income.

116
Q

Measuring Human Development
- HDI

A

Done via Human Development Index
- numerical measure of how well basic human needs are being met.

Compares country’s via
- health (life expectancy)
- education (years of schooling)
- income

117
Q

Explaining Global Inequalities
- Common Question
- Two Theories

A

Why do different levels of development and related inequalities exist?
- Old answer was “races” which is scientifically incorrect.

Two theories
1. Shape of continent
2. World Systems and Dependancy Theory

118
Q

Explaining Global Inequalities
- Shape of continent

A

Why did some places expand agriculture while others did not?

Jared Diamond 1997
- East-west latitiude allows for agriculture tech to spread across similar climate.
- This starts chain reaction that allows some societies to spread overseas.

119
Q

Explaining Global Inequalities
- World Systems Theory

A

Idea that the world is a system of countries linked together by an economic and political competition that shapes relations between developed, less developed, and least developed countries.

  • Core countries benefit by receiving surplus and maintain inequality.
  • Semiperipheral partially dependent on core countries
  • Peripheral countries dependent on core countries.

Scholars: colonialism led to economic dependence.

120
Q

Explaining Global Inequalities
- Dependency Theories

A

Some areas must remain underdeveloped for others to become more developed.

Canada relies on Taiwan for cheap products and Taiwan relies on Canada for employment in factories.

121
Q

Feeding the World
- Causes of Hunger
- Poor Dietary Health

A

In 2017 - 850 million hungry

Causes of famine and hunger have changed:
- Historic causes: natural events
- Current causes: social conditions which limit food access

Poor dietary health can be defined in terms of
- Lack of food of quantity: undernutrition
- Lack of food quality: malnutrition

122
Q

Explaining Food Shortages

A

Classic explanations:
- Overpopulation (problematic)
- Bad distribution of supplies
- Localized physical or human circumstances
Drought, flooding, wars

123
Q

Explaining Food Shortages
- Political and Economical

A

Political arrangements make it difficult for less developed countries to farm.
- Small farms cannot compete with commercial farms.

Many farming cannot grow staple crops.
- Gov’t provides credit for cheap crops such as tea/coffee so they can sell it to urbanized locations for cheap costs.

124
Q

Explaining Food Shortages
- The Role of Bad Gov’t

A

Lack of rights and ability to challenge government

Under investment in rural (agric) areas.

Political instability
- instability means nobody will invest -no returns.

Disease, affecting productive capacity

High population growth

125
Q

Refugees

A

Person forced to flee their country in the face of persecution or other threats to safety.
- Generally, result from conflict or natural disaster

Formally defined in the post–World War II context.
- First major refugee movements

Monitored by the UN High Commission for Refugees

126
Q

Types of Refugees

A
  1. Asylum seekers: left home country and have applied for refugee status in some other country
  2. Returnees: refugees who are in the process of returning home (the desired goal for most refugees)
  3. Internally displaced persons (IDPs): people who flee their homes but remain within their home country
127
Q

Refugee Growing Problem
- Where do they go?

A
  • 67.7 million
  • 49% female from Syria
  • Most flee to neighboring country
  • Europe accepts most refugees due to proximity, but people becoming less tolerant there now.
128
Q

Refugee Solutions

A

Voluntary repatriation
- refugees decide to return home on their own.
- Not feasible for most refugees because, in most cases, the circumstances that caused them to leave have not changed.

Local Settlement
- Usually in neighboring country
- Country usually poor with no resources

Resettlement
- Only an option for a few

129
Q

Natural Disasters and Disease

A

Impact varies with social and economic wellbeing
- People in less developed countries are more likely the victims of these natural disasters and communicable diseases

130
Q

Natural Disasters

A

The term “natural disaster” now considered less accurate
- Inability to plan or respond to certain natural events can lead to disaster
- Understanding how natural events become human disasters requires understanding cultural, political, and economic frameworks.

131
Q

Natural Disasters Cont.

A

Earthquakes, Volcanic Eruptions, and Tsunamis
- Points of earth’s surface prone to movement, eruptions
- Prediction is improving, but imperfect

Hurricanes / Tropical Cyclones
- Tropical storms which build strength moving over oceans

132
Q

Disease
- Development and Health Linked

A

Treatable diseases can be devastating without resource access
- E.g., Malaria

Low-income countries, the main causes of death are preventable and treatable.
- E.g., diarrheal diseases, malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, maternal and infant deaths

High-income countries, the main causes of death are non-communicable/degenerative diseases
- E.g., cancer, heart disease, stroke

133
Q

Prospects for Economic Growth

A

Variation in both Less Developed Countries (LDCs) and More Developed Countries (MDCs)
Key issues
- Legacy of debt
- Industrialization

134
Q

Solving the Debt Crisis

A

1970s: MDC gave loans to LDCs
- Structured loans for LDC growth
- 1980s recession hit
- high debt with bad repayment plans
- Created crisis
- Later international debt relief programs.

135
Q

Industrialization and Development

A

Two terms often related
- manufacturing overtakes agriculture
- Urban settlement patterns

136
Q

Indust Cont.
- Explanations for success and failures

A

Dependency Theory
- Colonial countries were producers and the market for raw materials. Hard to move past this attitude.
- No money for infrastructure
- No education

137
Q

Indust Cont.
- Import Substitution

A

Premise that country reduces dependency via local production of industrialized products.
- Light industries - food processing and textile.

138
Q

Structural Adjustment Programs

A

Loans given to LDCs by lending agencies.
Conditons include
- Increase international trade
- Privatize state owned companies
- Reduce gov’t spending

139
Q

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

A

2000 UN summit identifies 8 goals to improve lives of people in poor countries by 2015.

Goals
1. Eradicate poverty/ hunger.
2. Improve education.
3. Promote gender equality
4. Reduce child mortality.
5. Improve maternal health.
6. Combat disease.
7. Ensure environmental sustainability.
8. Develop a “global partnership for development.

140
Q

Sustained Development Goals (SDGs)

A

Had a lot of success with previous goals so created more.

UN developed 17 sustainable goals by 2030
1. End poverts
2. End hunger
3. Gender equality
4. Ensure education
5. clean energy
6. economic growth
7. Promote peace

141
Q

Geographies of Culture and Landscape

A
142
Q

A world divided by Culture
- Culture

A

A society’s shared way of life
- emerged from human ability to develop ideas from experience
- Culture is dynamic and changes
- Est. Cultures resist change

143
Q

Formal Cultural Regions
- Cultural Regions

A

Areas with a degree of
homogeneity in cultural characteristics (all the same).
- Language, religion

Delimitation considers least four basic points:
1. Criteria for inclusion (i.e., defining characteristic)
2. Date or time period as regions may change
3. Spatial scale: regions are scale-dependent
4. Boundary lines

144
Q

World Regions

A

Do not represent the
best use of the culture
concept in geography

145
Q

North American Regions

A

Smaller scale regions show more homogenity

Homelands: Based on four criteria
1. people
2. place
3. sense of place
4. control of place

146
Q

Cultural Regions: National Scale
- Four criteria

A
  1. Political Boundary
  2. Economic Activities
  3. Resource basis
  4. Cultural Landscape
147
Q

Vernacular Cultural Regions

A
  • Identified via perceptions
  • Can be invented through languages to mask other cultural identities (Ukraine)
  • Regions are usually places and not locations (meaning).
148
Q

Making of Cultural Landscapes

A

Cultures have different methods to acheive same goals
- obtain food, shelter, kids

As ties to physical environment loosen, ties to culture increases.

Industrial Revolution destroyed physical, but created new cultures.

149
Q

Cultural Adaptation

A

Allows us to respond to
changing physical and social environments
- Group or Individual scale
- E.g., Attitude and behavior

150
Q

Cultural Diffusion

A

The process of spread in geographic
space and of growth through time
- New ideas/practices from elsewhere.

Four patterns.
1. Neighborhood Effect
2. Hierarchical Effect
3. Diffusion and Resitance
4. Cumulative Effects

151
Q

Cultural Diffusion
1. Neighborhood Effects

A

Diffusion is distance based
- Probability of new adoptions is higher for those living close to adopter.
- Farming tech will be adopted by those closer to where the tech came from first.
- Popular in gemeinschaft societies - rural personal relationships.

152
Q

Hierarchical Effect

A

Large centre adopt first and then it trickles down urban hierarchy.
- Jumps town to town instead of wave like neighborhood.

153
Q

Diffusion and Resistance

A

Not all groups receptive at same time.
- Resistance is a sociological thing.
- Greater resistance the longer it takes to adopt it.
- Rural more resistant

154
Q

Cumulative Effects

A

When portion of population adopts an innovation.

S-Shape curve
- Slow start, then rapid, then evens out.

155
Q

Cultural Variables: Language and Religion

A

Important in understanding people and landscapes
- Good basis for delimiting (determine boundaries) groups. Hence regions.
- Affect behavior and landscape

156
Q

Language

A

Learned behavior and shapes culture
- Delimits groups
- Often fundamental to nations
- Encourages interaction within group, but not between

157
Q

Disappearing Languages

A

94% speak 4% of languages
Language dies when
- it is not passed on
- Actively oppressed
- Inter-group favors new language

When language is lost, culture is to.

May spread with conquest

158
Q

Language Classification and Regions
- Language Families

A

Related languages derived from common ancestor.
- Show variations between groups and migration patterns

159
Q

Language and Identity
- Nationalism
- Multilingual States

A

Nationalism
- Linked to language
- Boundaries of language regions not defined well
- Many adopt their language due to power struggles - Ukraine

Multilingual
- More than one language
- Canada

160
Q

Language and Identity Cont.
- Communication between different groups

A

Lingua franca: Created to facilitate communication between groups

Pidgin: simplified compositions of several languages, to aid communication between groups

Creole: pidgin language which becomes a mother
tongue for a group

161
Q

Language and Landscape
- Toponym
- Why give name?

A

Name of a place
- Give meaning or understanding
- Know and control, and remove uncertainty.

Names give info about a place and can reflect power relations.

162
Q

Religion
- Definition
- Two Hearths

A

A set of beliefs and associated
activities facilitating and expressing the place of humans in the world

  1. Indo-Gangetic: HIndu, buddhism
  2. Semitic: Judaism, Christian
163
Q

Religion Cont.
- Ethnic Religions
- Universalizing religions

A

Linked to a particular group of
people and/or places
- not active in conversion
- Passed through generations
- Hinduism

Active in conversion and
diffusion - missionaries
- Broad religions
- Christians

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