Post 1867 Final Exam Flashcards
Following WWI
Reformers
- Social movements thought war good for improving agenda with quick laws.
- People wanted to change society, but to unstable.
Inflation hit
- Factories shut down
- No jobs for soldiers
Talks of one large union
- Mostly conservtive
- Focus on wages
- If people strike then economy shuts down.
Winnipeg Strike
- Beginning
May 15, 1919
- 30,000 people
- Better working conditions
- Union and non-union went on strike
- Police worked
- Strikes across Canada in support
Citizen strike committee created
- Mostly business owners concerned for safety
- Un-elected people telling others what do to
- Did help provide food to people
- Against strike
Winnipeg Strike Movie
- Poor wages while owners banking
- Metal workers started strike
- Support from returning soldiers
- Parades began
Response
- Mayor issued ban on public demonstrations
- Special police brought in and paid well
Ending
- Borden did not want a violenet revolution
- Strike leaders arrested at night
- Conspiracy charges
- Soldiers stepped up - led to bloody Saturday
Winnipeg Strike
Bloody Saturday
- Burned cars
- Police used bats to charge groups
- People fought back
- Police got guns
- Riot starts and two killed
This ended strike
- People went to work
- Conditions no better
- Many charged
Long run
- Strike changed gov’t attitude
- Some rioters elected to parliament in 1920.
- Create CCF groups
Aftermath
Canadian gov’t blamed foreign workers
- Current law could not deport those involved in legal strike.
- Made law to deport foreign workers
- Many deported and streets cleared by a militia
Causes and Effects of Strike
(Possible Exam)
Causes
- Economic crash due to no jobs
- Inflation
- Poor wages while owners rich
- Poor working conditions
Effects
- Short term - Gov’t attitude changed
- Some leaders elected into parliament and created CCF groups
New Guys Replacing Borden
Arthur Meighen
- Cons who wrote conscription Act
- Put down strike
- Not popular
King
- Lib leader
- Progressive leader
- Avoided talking about libs joining strike unions
- He was a union negotiator for rich people in USA during strike
Problems Both Men Faced
- Two Regional Protest Movements
- Maritimes Rights Movement (East)
Maritimes Rights Movement (East)
- 1920s
Politics
- Obtain greater voice in politics
- Seats fell by 25% since 1885
- Seats by pop and people leaving for work
Economy
- Manufacturing companies going to Central Canada
- Coal industry declining due to oil emerging
- Steal market shrunk after railway finsihed
- Reduction of tariffs - no protection for small market
- Railway rates increase 200%
Maritimes Rights Movement
- Provinces came together
- Manifesto
PEI, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick came together as one voice
- Business/profressional people unite
Create manifesto called “True Story of Confederation”
- Pushed compact theory
- All provinces bare economic costs together
- More subsidies, tariffs, and trade through Halifax ports.
So this is one political solution
West Movement
- Thomas Crerar
Feeling alientated and want political solutions.
Similar issues
- Freight costs
Contradicting Issues
- Less tariffs as they producers/farmers and it hurts them
Originally supported Union gov’t during WWI
- No party fighting and address concerns of people
- Failed to remove tariffs.
- One western elective in Union resigned
Thomas Crerar - Minister of Agriculture
- Manitoba farmer and pres of Grain Growers Comp.
- Took 9 MPs and started Progressive Party
- Rep needs of Western farmers
- First big third party
Third Parties in Prov
- Right after WWI
All won elections in 1921-22
- United Farmers of Alberta
- United Farmers of Ontario
- United Farmers of Manitoba - allainces with winnipeg strike folks (long term effect)
1921 Election
First after WWI
- New parties and party leaders
- Meighen Vs. King Vs. Crerar Vs. Independents
- King won minority (116), Crerar (65), Meighen (50), Indep (5, winnipeg strike link)
- First gov’t divided via regional lines
- Maritimes supported libs, but with minority gov’t nothing got done.
Problems with Progressive Party
Should be official opposition, but said no.
- Wanted direct democracy and not party seperation
- Split within party between Crera and Wisewood
- Crera: wanted party to push libs to implement policies for farmers
- Wisewood: abolish parties and create groups gov’t based on occupations.
- Party failed, but influenced new parties in 30s.
Two Regional Protest Movements
- Similarities/Differences
- May be part of exam question regarding differences
Similarities
- Felt alienated
- Too much focus on Central Canada
Differences
- Maritimes wanted Tariffs
- Maritimes wanted change with two party system
- West created third party
Both Failed
- West to divided to form opposition
- Maritimes could not get King to listen with minority gov’t.
- Maritimes switch to cons next election, but libs win. Less of a voice now.
1925 Election
Meighan wins minority, but King refuses to step down due to coalition with progressives.
J.S. Woodsworth/ Agnes MacPahail
- Independents
- Agnes first fed elected female
- supportive of labour
- would agree with king on economic issues if he created old age pension
Customs Scandal 1926
- Byng/King
Prohibition time and libs accepting kickbacks to let booze in.
- Progressive remove support from corrupt gov’t.
- King asked Byng for new election
- Byng said no and offered gov’t to Meighan
- Seemed colonial as Byng British and telling Canada what to do.
- Meighan Gov’t lasted three days.
1926 Election
King claimed GG unconstitutional
- Avoided talking about scandal
- Won majority
Results of affair
- Reassurance of Canadian independence
- Greater limits on GG
Post WWI Political Stuff
- Three-party system created
- Greater independence
The Great Depression
Worldwide issue in 30s.
- Hit Canada hard
- Had economic boom in 20s leading to high debt, but crashed.
Black Tuesday Oct 29, 1929
- Wallstreet meltdown of stock exchange effected NA and world.
- Helped create depression, but eventually stabilized
- People lost confidence in business
- Europe hit less as still recovering from WWI
Great Depression
- Canada Hit Hard
Due to how economy was structured
- Focus on natural resources
- Export resource to rest of world
- When they suffered we suffered.
- First to be effected and last to recover
- Markets like USA increased tariffs so people could not buy internationally.
- Prices dropped on goods so unable to pay loans
Great Depression
- Climate Disaster
Drought in west
- Dust storms blew away topsoil
- Grasshopper infestations
- Hit at same time as stock market
- Prices 1.29 - 34 cents per bushel
Great Depression
- Unemployment and Dole
Stats
- Wages dropped 50%
- Jobless rates from 4% to 27%
2 million on dole
- Gov’t humiliated people asking for help.
- Had to admit they had nothing
- Poor people lazy
- Relief only granted to men
- Gov’t no money due to less taxes
- Like companies, gov’t fired people.
Great Depression
- Richard Bennett and Plan
Replaced King
- Lawyer and business owner
- Promised to end unemployment
Plan
- Budgeting
- Raising tariffs to support local
- Cut expenses
- Started Bank of Canada to help stabilize
- Created unemployment relief act - 350 million to people over time.
Great Depression
- Bennett and New Deal
Idea from Roosevelt and focused on
- Health
- EI
- Max work week
- Minimum wages
- Assistance to farmers
- Fair trade
- Anti-monopoly
Came out with idea just before 1935 election and nobody believed him.
- King won next election and passed some of the ideas of the new deal.
Great Depression
- Crime and Work Camps
No work led to crime
- Gov’t deported foreign unemployed workers
- Set up work camps
- Watch them and have them build roads
- Low pay and demeaning atmosphere
Camps went on strike
- Ottawa Trek 1935 from BC to bargain with PM
- 2000 people, but RCMP stopped.
- 1 cop dead and many people injured
- Strike leaders allowed to continue, but Ottawa called them red agitators.
Fear of Communism in 1930s
Fear/Strikes associated to communism
- Lots of fear in Canada
- People starting to listen to extreme poliotical philosophies.
- Comm Party created.
- Comm a revolutionary concept associated with violence.
- Gov’t made being communist illegal
- Act repealed in 1935
- Party only had 16,000 members by eve of WWII.
Fascism in Canada
Against Jewish people
- They did not assimilate well
- When persecution in Europe, Canada refused to help stating “none is to many”
- St. Louis Ship - Jews sold all they had to get on, went to Cuba, told no, came to Canada, told no, had to return.
- Canada took less than 5000 Jews in. Lowest.
- If here, then prevented from going on beaches and attending university.
1935 Election
- New Parties: CCF and Social Credit
CCF - Tom Douglas
- Free healthcare
- Socialist party
- Created Regina Manifesto
- Premier in Sask in 1933
Social Credit Theory - C.H. Douglas
- Capitalism
- Financial institutions hoarding money
- Needed money to spread to improve economy
- Would print more and give to people
Social Credit Party - William Aberhart
- Party leader and Ab Premier in 1935-43
- Teacher and preacher
- Got support via radio sermons
- Promised money to families
- Got elected, but could not print money for people.
- Kept power due to WWII and oil find.
1935 Election
- New Parties: Union Nationale
Maurice Duplessis
- Quebec
- Conservative
- Supported Quebec nationalism
- Won 1936 election
- Aligned with church, but seperated from politics
Padlock Act
- Did not allow unions to strike
- Locked out of work place (hence name)
So many new parties developing and current parties looking for new methods.
Germany
Same thing happening in Germany with new parties.
- Nazies elected to solve economic issues
- WWII started by Germany brought world out of depression.
Canada Internationally 1930s
Statute of Westminister 1931
- Autonomy from Britain
- Used autonomy to stay out of conflicts leading to WWII - isolated Canada
- Led to policy of appeasement (give in to aggressive powers to avoid conflict)
Policy of Appeasement
- Japan, Italy, Spain
Japan invasion of Manchuria in 1931
- League of Nations wanted sanctions against Japan
- Canada refused
Italy invaded Ethiopia
- Riddel (Canadas League Delegate) under King agreed with sanctions and said they should include oil. This would stop war.
- King overrulled him.
Spanish Civil War
- Enacted Foreign Enlistment Act - cannot enlist in a foreign country.
Policy of Appeasement
- Why Appealing?
King did not another major war
- Population recovery
- Economic recovery
- Recover unity
- Germany no real threat
- People fine with fascism because it was better than communism
- King met Hitler - Nice guy.
World War 2
World War 2 - Overseas
- Beginning
Sept 1, 1939
- Blitzkrieg attack in Poland
- Soviet Union (pack with germany) invaded Euro’s eastern frontiers.
Sept 3
- Britain and France declare war on Germany
- Canada waited 1 week before declaring war
- People supported, but symbolic of autonomy.
World War 2
- Phony War
After first attacks, nothing for 7 months
- Canada more somber this time
- Time used to organize homefront and resources
- Created BC Air Training Program
- Trained 130,000 pilots
World War 2
- Next attacks
- How Canada Helped Brits
Germany attacks Denmark, Netherlands and Norway in Spring 1940.
- Rapid advance
- Fall of France
- Germany attacks Soviets in 1941 despite pact
- Soviets switch sides
How Canada Helped Britain
- Contributed entire economy
- Army
- War ships
- Aircraft
- Lent money, then used to buy products from Canada
Boundaries of Overseas and Homefront
- Atlantic Battle
- Canada Contribution
Boundaries crossed via the air force training program as well as the Atlantic Battle.
Atlantic Battle
- Battle of sea routes for goods between Americas and Europe/Africa
- Germany trying to starve out Britain via u-boat submarines travelling in packs.
- Destroyed 2000 ships
- Massive losses at beginning, but Canada able to finally contribute.
- Overcame lack of tech and experience
- Provided 400 new ships and many people.
- Provided air support
Battle of Hong Kong
Overlooked battle for Canadians
- After Pearl Harbour Japan went on rampage
- Hong Kong had strategic value to Britain
- Difficult to defend due to location
- First battle with Canada involved
- Japan won as Hong Kong governor surrendured on Dec 25, 1941.
- Created work camps which killed 550 Canadians.
-
Dieppe and Operation Jubilee
Next offencive Canada involved in.
- 1942 Northern France
- Canadians on Garrison duty in Britain, push for more activity
- Choose Dieppe in Normandy for second front
Did not go well - Bad strategy
- Suprise attack so no air support
- Ships dropped men at wrong sites
- Did not understand currents
- No high ground
- Tanks did not work on beaches.
- Battle 9 hrs long
- 3367 casualties of 6000 total
Total failure, but helped plan for D-Day
Invasion of Italy
Canada, USA and Britain combined
- Started 1943 in Sicily
- Won and Italy surrendured
- Germans rushed in to stop advance - boobytrapped streets
- Fought individually and blew holes in houses
- Made it to Gothic line - Victory
- 6000 Canadians died.
D-DAY
June 6, 1944
- No surprise
- Planes first
- Ships on beaches, not ports
- 5000 ships crossing English channel at same time
- 156,000 men on beaches
- Canadians took Juno beach 21,000 troops
This was beginning of liberation of Europe
- Canadians cleared North coast at great cost.
1945
Hitler killed himself
- Soviets and Berlin surrendured
- Germany carved into two
World War 2 - Homefront
- Economic Changes
- Ended depression, but did not want repeat of WWI
- Large scale gov’t control
- Built weapons
Large inflation
- Placed price and wage measures
- Official/voluntary groups enforced
- Encouraged victory bonds
- Managed to keep living costs low.
C.D. Howe
Minister of munitions and supply
- Major powers via War Measures Act
- No constraints legally/politically
- Later accused of being a dictator, but he got crap done.
- First priority was planes
Airplane Production
Example of big change at home
- No experience
- Fell on car company
- Redesign factory
- hire/train people
- 1 yr to build first plane, then 3-4 a week
- Elsie Magell in charge
- 1500 women workers
Rationing
- Books
Good economy, but war materials over personal took priority
- Rationing book provided
- Certain number of rationed goods per household - butter, sugar, meat, fuel.
- Shortages produced outcry - “no beer no bonds”
National Selective Services
- Womens Work
Created to coordinate needs of economy
- Shift from prov to fed power
- Ensure people working in right areas
- Encourage women to work temporarily in new ways - factories
- Wages lower than mens
- Some traditional work - sewing and aid packages
- 50,000 women enrolled in 3 branches of armed forces in WWII - could not be active and lower ranks
-
1940 Snap Election
- Conscription Issue
King won majority
- Promised no conscription
Issues with conscription
- How to keep it fair
- What is our duty
- Supply men or material
Volunteers dried up and men needed
- King focused on unity.
- Had a vote asking for freedom from promise
- 80% of Canada said yes
- Implimented in steps.
Conscription Steps
Step 1: National Resources Mobilization Act 1941
- People work where needed
- Conscription allowed, but could not leave country
Step 2: Vote
Step 3: 1944 forced to send men overseas
- Late in war and probably no effect on outcome
- All mad at King, but did what he could
- Kept people from rioting and got re-elected.
What happens after War?
- Another Issue
Focused on early in war.
- After WWI we had depression and soldiers had no work.
- Cons started pushing progressive platform and “Social Safety Nets”
- Other parties followed
Minorities at Wartime
- Germans and Italians interned as individuals
- Japs interned as group
- Asians on west coast treated worst.
Pearl Harbour
- Canada also delcared war on Japan
- Japs moved into camps - 75% Canadian born
- Took all possessions
- Official apology in 1988 with financial compensation.
Post War Reconstruction
- How did the war change Canada?
Birth of welfare state and economic boom
- People looked to gov’t to provide jobs, better wages, products and services.
- Wanted economic security
- Marsh Report
Marsh Report 1943
Suggested est. a “social minimum”
- People demanding safety net
- Protect poor
- Social insurance
- Children allowance
- Came in pieces as big ontaking
Social Minimum
- Started with Veterans
1944 Veterans Charter
- Grants for servicemen for rations
- Based on time and rank
Civil Employment Act reinstated
- Guaranteed jobs back
Veterans Land Act
- Give vets land for farming
University
- All soldiers get free education
Social Minimum
- Rest of the Country
1945 Family Allowance
- Monthly payments provided to mothers
Old Age Pensions
- 1927 had to prove you needed it. People who saved mad.
- 1951 all get it now.
1957 Unemployment Assistance
- Realized they needed it after depression
Medicare
Federal Hospital Insurance Act 1957
- Assistance to provinces who set up public system with universal healthcare
- Tom Douglas started in Sask.
- 1967 national medicare program
Motivations for Change
- Depression
- Keep growing population happy - cold war
- Many injured in war needed help
- Votes
Shift Peace Time Economy
C.D. Howe
- Sold factories cheap with conditions of re-open quickly
- Open markets internationally
International Changes
- Brits imports from Canada declined
- Canada and USA more intergrated via economy, politics, military.
- Interest in Canadian resources
- Open Branchs in Canada
Consumer Boom
During war people put off
- Marriage
- Kids
- Shopping
People wanted cars/houses
- 10% work force
- Ford opened plant in Oakville
- Changed landscape - roads, suburbs
- 1945-60 1 million homes built
- Connected to malls
Unemployment Rates
Higher standard of living and no big class gaps
- Low
- Higher pay
- Unionization
- Shorter work weeks
- Rich took 8% of wealth, now 50%
Money Increased Technology
- Appliances
- Fridges, washing machines, stoves
- Domestic life easier
- Life cleaner
- Research shows they never made life easier
New Resources
Feb 13, 1947
- Liquid gold struck near Leduc
- Created population increase in Ab
- Brought in investments
Television
Economic boom meant more time for entertainment
- 1952 first Canadian transmission
- Educational shows
- Increase in sports - NHL 6 teams
Limitations on Prosperity
- Compare to USA
- Boom not for all
- Wages 40% lower and goods cost more
- Talented/educated moved to USA
Boom not for everyone
- Women and union workers paid less
- Rural/Urban divide - rural no electricity
- Ethnic disparity - discrimination
Louis St.Laurent
Repaced King in 1948-57 and led during growth period.
- Increased role in NATO, UN
- Increased Social program
- First to deal with TV
Increased independence
- stopped privy court
- First born GG Vincent Massey
Post War Period
1947-72
- Roughly 25 yrs
General themes in Post war politics and society gov’t took steps to protect people via
- social security net,
- universal healthcare,
- post war economy and goods.
Created
- Social minimum
- Health Care
- Economic boom (Buying Products)
- Better Equality in pay
- Technology
- Housing
- New resources
- Entertainment
Cold War
New International Power Structure
- After WW2
- USA and Soviets emerging
- Brit and France exhausted
- Competition becomes force in world events
After WW2
- Soviets want to keep troops in Euro countries
- USA say all countries have right to economic and military independentce.
- Soviets replace democratic govt’s with communist
Changed Many Things
- Canada closer to USA - better military
- But also needed to have distance
- Hard to do due to Gouzenko Affair
- Affair got us into cold war.
Gouzenko Affair
Russian decoder in Canada
- Wanted to stay after war
- Offered Canada docs proving Soviets spying on Canada during war
- Ottawa Journal, RCMP, and Dep’t of Justice turned him away.
- Nobody wanted to deal with it. King referred to it as a bomb.
- Eventually word got out and given new identity
- Led to 39 arrests including MP
- Gov’t published and other countries started investigating.
Bi-Product of Affair
- Canada’s Problem
Securtiy on atomic bomb breached
- Other countries (Russia) now testing new bombs
- Canada geographically between two countries with bombs
- Northern Canada strategic importance
DEW Line
- Warning system for soviet bombers
- Across Arctic
- 4 to 6 hrs notice
- Operation for decade
NORAD
1957 Canada/USA sign North American Air Defence Agreement
- Coordinates air forces in NA
- Follows trend of us getting closer to USA
- Creates sovereignty issues
Canada Internationally
- UN and NATO
- Join/build up UN and NATO
- If Canada and USA seperate members nobody can dominate
- Canada working to keep peace internationally
- Saw themselves as middle power
- Participated in founding conference of UN and worked to get USA and Soviets to join
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
- 1949
- Europeans mostly
- Focus on mulit-lateral insititutions to safeguard Canadian sovereignty
Canada Internationally
- British Commonwealth
- Shift from empire to commonwealth
- Includes countries who were part of the empire
- Canada works to help the countries feel fine with joining
- Worked to determine how much power Britain had.
International Conflicts
- Korean War
1950-53
Communist North invaded USA controlled South
- UN set up force to counter it
- Canada helped USA fight a bit
International Conflicts
- Suez Crisis 1956
French/Brits against Egypt
- Egypt nationalized canal
- Fr/Br wanted to use it for shipping
- Israel invades Egypt to support Br.
- Defied NATO alliance
Lester Pearson
- Canada’s Minister of Affairs
- 1957 Nobel Peace Prize
- Peace keeping force with different countries to help withdraw combatants from war zones.
- Many Canadian Troops
- Helped troops keep face.
Cold War at Home
- Machine
War about ideology
- If thought of being communist you lost jobs.
- Canada = if gay your a spy
- Deviant behavious so open to blackmail
- Used machine to show pictures to determine if communist
Newfoundland and Confederation
1945 gave up dominion status to receive help after war.
- Options to join Brit, Canada or Independent
- Joseph Smallwood brought Canada option forward
Join Canada
- fishery
- military base
- Join est. welfare state
- Brit broke and could not afford NFL
Why not?
- Canada eat up NFL
- Stay indep and have relations with USA
- Anti-Confeds - Smallwood belittling NFL name.
NFL Confederation
- Votes
Vote in 1948 with three choices
1. Keep commissioned Gov’t
2. Become independent
3. Join Canada
Second Vote
1. Independent
2. Join Canada
Winner: Join Canada
- Joined April 1, 1949
- Smallwood first Premier
The Changing Family
Another thing that changed in post war period
The Changing Family
- Baby Boom
Couples back together and horny
- Kids start at age 22
- 1946: 147,000 marriages
- Ave 3-4 kids
- Economy good
- 1947-66: 10 million births
Great at first for economy, but later reprecussions on schools, university and old age pensions.
The Changing Family
- Immigration
Post war Immigration Policy
- Immigration to foster growth of Canada
- Small enough groups to assimilate so we don’t change who we are.
- Started with Brits and Dutch.
- No Chinese or East Indian
First Arrivals
- First arrivals were brides - 50,000 soldiers married overseas.
- 1947 Dutch folks as land getting destroyed
Displaced People from Europe
- 150,000 refugees
- Polish, Serbian, Croatian
1962 - immigration no longer based on race
1971 - multinationalism policy
Suburbia and Women
Cheap to build and house lots
- Cars allowed for transportation
- Mental space for men after work
- Focus on family - own rooms and living spaces
- Women done working after war - we fought for wives
- Magazines reinforced image
- Only one car so stuck at home
- Housewive role not fulfilling for all
The Changing Family
- Child Centered
- Common Sense Book
Baby boomers brought up different than parents
- Allow kids to be kids
- Open market for fast food and such
- Ideal teenage image emerged in 50s.
The Common Sense Book 1946
- Dr. Benjamin Spock
- Teach parents on how to parent
- Get away from routine discipline
- Men can change diapers and give bottles
The Changing Family
- Education after WW2
- Why More Universities?
Move for better access for all
- Prior to war - 3% in university
- Better/longer and higher budget
- Connected to focus on kids
- Boys and girls from all classes
University expansion in 60s for three reasons
- Baby boom
- Massey commission - fed support and not just prov
- Cold war -Sputnik - we need to keep up.
The Changing Family
- Activism
- Two Wings
With university came young challenging gov’t a lot.
Two Wings
1. Political and centered on universities for solutions
2. Hippie, individualized, drop out of society
- Followed USA - like American Civil Rights Movement
- USA citizens in Canada avoiding Vietnam war help with protesting from a distance.
- Hated capitalism
- Never gave solutions
- Wore jeans and experimented
Changes in Family Post War
- Baby boom
- Immigration
- Suburbia
- Child Centered
- Education
- Activism
Groups Re-negotiating Relationships
Groups Renegotiating
- First Nations
- Univ of Toronto Conference
Conference on North American Indian 1939
- First time FN involved with 13 leaders
- Symbol for change
- Talks about indig culture, reserve economics, health, and education.
- Passed resolutions on last day
- Committee set up for publictions, but FN say no, they will speak for themselves
FN During War
- Negative Stuff
Gov’t wanted to conscript, but FN not citizens
- 1942 Gov’t used war measures act to seize stoney point reserve to build training academy
- Land returned in 1995 after protest
Centralization Plan
- Gov’t also wanted to save money during war
- combine small reserves into two large inland reserves
- sell abandoned land
- Opposition prevented this from happening
So we see gov’t starting to get stopped.
FN Negative led to Good
More interaction due to war infrastructure in reserve areas.
- Settlers and FN interact
- Settlers see crappy situation
- Brought more resources to FN
After WW2 Canadians Positive Attitude
- Welfare systems - not alone
- Decreased language barriers
- Eugenics discredited
- Media advances - learn of bad FN conditions
- Decolonization process - stop suppression
- Strong Indig leaders with voices
- UN Declaration of Human Rights 1948 - Had to re-examine treatment of FN
Indian Act 1951
Trying to make changes
- Oppressive laws reversed
- Gave authority to bands
- Able to drink on reserves
- Able to sue over land claims
- Started fading out Res schools
First Nations Political Changes
- James Gladstone
First FN Senator
- FN voting rights in 1960
- Bands given control of policing, education and infrastructure on reserves
FN Political Changes
- Hawthorn Commission
Investigate a new big policy for indigenous people
- Found thier economic status was the worst in Canada
Recommendations
- Give citizenship and additional rights
- Created citizen plus policy
Expo 67
Montreal
- Indig set up pavilion and tell story
- Gov’t allowed despite it bashing them
Whitepaper on Indian Affairs 1969
- Three Recommendations
Trutard - Everyone under one law, not seperate
- Abolish Indian Act and Indian Affairs Dept.
- Tranfer FN lands
- Give provinces power of FN instead of feds
FN mad about this
- Called for individual over collective rights
- Would result in assimilation program
Harold Cardinal
- Wrote unjust Society 1969
- Citizens Plus/Red Paper 1970
Groups Renegotiating Relationships
Quebec
Another group trying to change relationships with gov’t.
Quiet Revolution 1960-70
- Quebec
Time of mostly non-violent rapid change focused on group rights and nationalism over individual.
- Rural
- Strong Catholic leadership
- Big families
- Union Nationale was Cons gov’t -moved slowly
After 1960s
- Church lost power
- State in charge of changes
- Economy expanded
- Mess media connected them with country
Quebec Liberal Party 1960
- Jean Lesage
Won election
- Replaced oligarchy and Catholic church
- Campaign slogan “Masters of our own house.”
- Expand state and francophone presence
- Get rid of outside presence
- New insurance plans
Quebec Liberal Party Changes
- Education
Secularized education
- Bigger budget
- New schools
- Trained teachers
- Brought up to NA standards
Quebec Liberal Changes
- Economics
Hydro-Quebec 1962
- merged electrical companies
- Big as they owned by English, so taking it back
- Brought money in for new policies
CPP
- Says no and starts own
- No subsudies, but money for past prior needs
Quebec Liberal Changes
- Cultural Changes
Mad over nationalization without them
- English only language
- Push for greater power as a founding nation
- Trutard said no
FLQ Crisis
1967 Parti Quebecois Formed
FLQ
- Marx/Len group
- bombed symbolic places - railway, post office
- Kidnapped James Cross (trade comm)
- Wanted plane, money, and manifesto for release
- Got it and later released Cross
- Another cell kidnapped Pierre Laport
- Pierre killed in Airport parking lot.
After WW2
- Protecting Culture
After WW2 many struggling to find identity/culture
- Concern for all levels of gov’t
- Connected to media now
- Think we are an adult nation
Protecting Culture
- Growing Gov’t in Culture
All done by 1945 as war pushed for it.
- National archives
- National gallery
- National film board
- Canadian Broadcasting Corp.
Previously rich people created culture. Took backseat to economics and politics before war 2.
Protecting Culture
- Four Focuses After 1945
- Gov’t works to create/implement culture policy
- Growth in artistic activity: more products/people in industry.
- Trend towards geographic decentralization: spread accross more areas.
- Wider definition of culture: folk songs, comic books
Gov’t Five Royal Commissions
Commissions created to look into culture.
- Massey 1945
- Fowler 1955
- Tremblay 1956
- O’Leary 1961
- Laurendeau 1963
Massey Commission 1945
Focus on “High Culture”
- Art galleries
- Theatres
- Museums
- Sciences
Went around country holding meetings until final report in 1951.
Comm included variety of professionals, but no Indig. arts, or young.
Massey Recommendations
Principle of federal patronage with wide range of cultural activities
- Funded by gov’t, but no say in it
- Canada Council 1957 - grants for art
- National TV service - include CBC monopoly, create unity.
- Fowler 55 and O’Leary 61
- Tremblay 56 and Laurendeau 63
Looks at popular culture. What we do all day and have in common.
- Television - review programming - USA domniated
- Provide gov’t aid for production
- Create more choices - CTV - sports, religion, education.
- Magazines - need Canadian version with advertising.
Strategies for Magazines
- Money, Competition, Protectionism
Tremblay and Laurendeau
- Look at anthropological culture
- Different groups and how they lived together
- Look at French/English and how to make it work
Intellects on Culture
- Harold Innis
- Marshal McLuhan
Historian - wrote on fur trade and then culture
- Interested in manipulative power of media
- Called them “bias of communication”
- Every form of communication creates mode to control
Marshal
- Cont. same thoughts
- Created phrase “medium is the message”
- Predicted internet
- Both show that people thinking of culture
Why Culture Hard for Canada?
- Immigrants
- Regionalism
- Two founding cultures
- American influence
Why People Care about Culture
- Don’t like USA military attitude
- Every country stands for something
- Sense of belonging
- Unity
- Forming a nation usually requires common culture.
- Quebecs argument for seperation
Patriating the Constitution
Arguments on what gov’t had what power. Quebec mad about no French protections. Hence Quiet Rev. New commission created.
Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism 1963
Investigate state of bilingualism and biculturalism in Canada
- Recommend steps to create confederation based on founding races. How to make all united.
- Report in 69.
Recommended
- Bilingual districts where minorities made 10% of pop
- French/English schools when enough demand
- Ottawa bilingual
- French/English both official
Trutard Did a Few Things
- Part 1 of Patriating the Const.
Part 1 focus on making Quebec comfortable
1968 election
- Create multiculturalism
- Settle with Quebec
Official Language Act 1969
- Students learn both languages
Multiculturalism Act 1971
- All liked except Quebec
Charter sect. 16-23 added to Constitutions Act
Quebec now had access to gov’t sevices in own language.
Parti Quebecois 1976
Rene Levesque
- Seperatist groups elected in Quebec
- Promised referrendum on issue
- Created Bill 101- everything in French
1977 Seperation Talk
- Suggested “Sovereignty Association”
- Indep state, but polit/econ relation
- Sov - in charge of own taxes, laws, etc.
- Seperate, but can move freely across both countries.
1980 Referrendum
- Question - right to negotiate seperation
- Rejected by 60%
- Trutard promised to change constitution if rejected.
Task Force on Canadian Unity
- Three Points
- Canadians will support Const. changes
- Prepared to make concessions to keep Quebec
- Anglophone provinces had own agenda for opening up const.
- More prov. power for natural resources and get elected senate.
Canadian Bill of Rights
- Problem
Created in 1960 as federal act
- Ottawa wanted to enter it
- Quebec nervous as it is about indiv rights
- BNA Act had groups minority rights, but not individual.
- 10 yrs before first case based on it
- Set precedence for Charter
Amending Formula
- Problem Two
Hard as provinces wanted veto power
- Needed way to make changes straight forward
- How much agreement between provinces to change it?
- Need 2/3 of provinces with 50% of pop.
- Added notwithstanding clause for sect. 7-15 of charter. They can veto out of federal changes regarding those sections.
- All agreed except Quebec
Constitution Patriated 1982
Between Trutard and Queen
- Changed court system to USA style
- Courts can override parliament with Charter issues
- Supreme court now focused on Charter issues over Fed/Prov powers
- Quebec still have not signed.
Meech Lake Accord 1987
Mulroney Tried getting Quebec on board
- Premiers met at Meech Lake
- New deal made for Quebec
- Recognize as distinct society and given veto powers
- Provinces also granted more autonomy
Meech Lake Accord
- Why Failed
- To much dismantling of fed power
- Canada fine with Quebec getting more autonomy, but nobody else
- Quebec unhappy due to hostility towards them
- Indig groups not happy
Charlotte Town Accord
Mulroney tries one more time
- Package offering Quebec distinct society.
- Prov all have veto.
- Indig self governments
- Reform of senate
- Reform of supreme court
Country referendum on Oct 26, 1992
Defeated – too divisive.
Second Wave Feminism
- After WW2
- After war many women sent back home for domestic work.
- Men leaving suburbs with cars make gender division stronger
- TV and advertising encouraged it
The Feminine Mystique 1963
Book by Betty Friedan
- Describes the “problem that has no name”
- Speaks of unhappiness of women in 50s-60s
- Existance mediated by others
- Women began demanding gov’t encourage equality
- Beginning of second wave.
Three Waves of Feminism
- Late 19th century - voting/education rights
- 60s - address unofficial/official inequalities, lives political and results in patriarchy and sexism
- Today, not in this class
Bird Commission 1967
Pierson gov’t created, but not happy about it.
- Mandate to inquire and report on status of women
- Found 8/10 provinces - paid less despite laws
Recommendations
- Gender and marital status discrimination not allowed by employers.
- 18 weeks EI for prego
- Training open to women
- More women judges
- Qualified women appointed to senate.
1972 Women Organization
Repped 5 million members
- Brough all women groups together
- Forced Trutard to appoint Minister/Council on status of women
Political Level Changes
- National Action Committee on Status of Women 1972
- Minister 1973
- UN makes 1975 Womens year
- Women could join unions by 70s.
- 1984 law created that if men and women had same qualifications for job then had to hire women.
- U of L first women tenure profess 15 yrs ago
So we have some at home, some at work, and some political
