Post 1867 Final Exam Flashcards
Following WWI
Reformers
- Social movements thought war good for improving agenda with quick laws.
- People wanted to change society, but to unstable.
Inflation hit
- Factories shut down
- No jobs for soldiers
Talks of one large union
- Mostly conservtive
- Focus on wages
- If people strike then economy shuts down.
Winnipeg Strike
- Beginning
May 15, 1919
- 30,000 people
- Better working conditions
- Union and non-union went on strike
- Police worked
- Strikes across Canada in support
Citizen strike committee created
- Mostly business owners concerned for safety
- Un-elected people telling others what do to
- Did help provide food to people
- Against strike
Winnipeg Strike Movie
- Poor wages while owners banking
- Metal workers started strike
- Support from returning soldiers
- Parades began
Response
- Mayor issued ban on public demonstrations
- Special police brought in and paid well
Ending
- Borden did not want a violenet revolution
- Strike leaders arrested at night
- Conspiracy charges
- Soldiers stepped up - led to bloody Saturday
Winnipeg Strike
Bloody Saturday
- Burned cars
- Police used bats to charge groups
- People fought back
- Police got guns
- Riot starts and two killed
This ended strike
- People went to work
- Conditions no better
- Many charged
Long run
- Strike changed gov’t attitude
- Some rioters elected to parliament in 1920.
- Create CCF groups
Aftermath
Canadian gov’t blamed foreign workers
- Current law could not deport those involved in legal strike.
- Made law to deport foreign workers
- Many deported and streets cleared by a militia
Causes and Effects of Strike
(Possible Exam)
Causes
- Economic crash due to no jobs
- Inflation
- Poor wages while owners rich
- Poor working conditions
Effects
- Short term - Gov’t attitude changed
- Some leaders elected into parliament and created CCF groups
New Guys Replacing Borden
Arthur Meighen
- Cons who wrote conscription Act
- Put down strike
- Not popular
King
- Lib leader
- Progressive leader
- Avoided talking about libs joining strike unions
- He was a union negotiator for rich people in USA during strike
Problems Both Men Faced
- Two Regional Protest Movements
- Maritimes Rights Movement (East)
Maritimes Rights Movement (East)
- 1920s
Politics
- Obtain greater voice in politics
- Seats fell by 25% since 1885
- Seats by pop and people leaving for work
Economy
- Manufacturing companies going to Central Canada
- Coal industry declining due to oil emerging
- Steal market shrunk after railway finsihed
- Reduction of tariffs - no protection for small market
- Railway rates increase 200%
Maritimes Rights Movement
- Provinces came together
- Manifesto
PEI, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick came together as one voice
- Business/profressional people unite
Create manifesto called “True Story of Confederation”
- Pushed compact theory
- All provinces bare economic costs together
- More subsidies, tariffs, and trade through Halifax ports.
So this is one political solution
West Movement
- Thomas Crerar
Feeling alientated and want political solutions.
Similar issues
- Freight costs
Contradicting Issues
- Less tariffs as they producers/farmers and it hurts them
Originally supported Union gov’t during WWI
- No party fighting and address concerns of people
- Failed to remove tariffs.
- One western elective in Union resigned
Thomas Crerar - Minister of Agriculture
- Manitoba farmer and pres of Grain Growers Comp.
- Took 9 MPs and started Progressive Party
- Rep needs of Western farmers
- First big third party
Third Parties in Prov
- Right after WWI
All won elections in 1921-22
- United Farmers of Alberta
- United Farmers of Ontario
- United Farmers of Manitoba - allainces with winnipeg strike folks (long term effect)
1921 Election
First after WWI
- New parties and party leaders
- Meighen Vs. King Vs. Crerar Vs. Independents
- King won minority (116), Crerar (65), Meighen (50), Indep (5, winnipeg strike link)
- First gov’t divided via regional lines
- Maritimes supported libs, but with minority gov’t nothing got done.
Problems with Progressive Party
Should be official opposition, but said no.
- Wanted direct democracy and not party seperation
- Split within party between Crera and Wisewood
- Crera: wanted party to push libs to implement policies for farmers
- Wisewood: abolish parties and create groups gov’t based on occupations.
- Party failed, but influenced new parties in 30s.
Two Regional Protest Movements
- Similarities/Differences
- May be part of exam question regarding differences
Similarities
- Felt alienated
- Too much focus on Central Canada
Differences
- Maritimes wanted Tariffs
- Maritimes wanted change with two party system
- West created third party
Both Failed
- West to divided to form opposition
- Maritimes could not get King to listen with minority gov’t.
- Maritimes switch to cons next election, but libs win. Less of a voice now.
1925 Election
Meighan wins minority, but King refuses to step down due to coalition with progressives.
J.S. Woodsworth/ Agnes MacPahail
- Independents
- Agnes first fed elected female
- supportive of labour
- would agree with king on economic issues if he created old age pension
Customs Scandal 1926
- Byng/King
Prohibition time and libs accepting kickbacks to let booze in.
- Progressive remove support from corrupt gov’t.
- King asked Byng for new election
- Byng said no and offered gov’t to Meighan
- Seemed colonial as Byng British and telling Canada what to do.
- Meighan Gov’t lasted three days.
1926 Election
King claimed GG unconstitutional
- Avoided talking about scandal
- Won majority
Results of affair
- Reassurance of Canadian independence
- Greater limits on GG
Post WWI Political Stuff
- Three-party system created
- Greater independence
The Great Depression
Worldwide issue in 30s.
- Hit Canada hard
- Had economic boom in 20s leading to high debt, but crashed.
Black Tuesday Oct 29, 1929
- Wallstreet meltdown of stock exchange effected NA and world.
- Helped create depression, but eventually stabilized
- People lost confidence in business
- Europe hit less as still recovering from WWI
Great Depression
- Canada Hit Hard
Due to how economy was structured
- Focus on natural resources
- Export resource to rest of world
- When they suffered we suffered.
- First to be effected and last to recover
- Markets like USA increased tariffs so people could not buy internationally.
- Prices dropped on goods so unable to pay loans
Great Depression
- Climate Disaster
Drought in west
- Dust storms blew away topsoil
- Grasshopper infestations
- Hit at same time as stock market
- Prices 1.29 - 34 cents per bushel
Great Depression
- Unemployment and Dole
Stats
- Wages dropped 50%
- Jobless rates from 4% to 27%
2 million on dole
- Gov’t humiliated people asking for help.
- Had to admit they had nothing
- Poor people lazy
- Relief only granted to men
- Gov’t no money due to less taxes
- Like companies, gov’t fired people.
Great Depression
- Richard Bennett and Plan
Replaced King
- Lawyer and business owner
- Promised to end unemployment
Plan
- Budgeting
- Raising tariffs to support local
- Cut expenses
- Started Bank of Canada to help stabilize
- Created unemployment relief act - 350 million to people over time.
Great Depression
- Bennett and New Deal
Idea from Roosevelt and focused on
- Health
- EI
- Max work week
- Minimum wages
- Assistance to farmers
- Fair trade
- Anti-monopoly
Came out with idea just before 1935 election and nobody believed him.
- King won next election and passed some of the ideas of the new deal.
Great Depression
- Crime and Work Camps
No work led to crime
- Gov’t deported foreign unemployed workers
- Set up work camps
- Watch them and have them build roads
- Low pay and demeaning atmosphere
Camps went on strike
- Ottawa Trek 1935 from BC to bargain with PM
- 2000 people, but RCMP stopped.
- 1 cop dead and many people injured
- Strike leaders allowed to continue, but Ottawa called them red agitators.
Fear of Communism in 1930s
Fear/Strikes associated to communism
- Lots of fear in Canada
- People starting to listen to extreme poliotical philosophies.
- Comm Party created.
- Comm a revolutionary concept associated with violence.
- Gov’t made being communist illegal
- Act repealed in 1935
- Party only had 16,000 members by eve of WWII.
Fascism in Canada
Against Jewish people
- They did not assimilate well
- When persecution in Europe, Canada refused to help stating “none is to many”
- St. Louis Ship - Jews sold all they had to get on, went to Cuba, told no, came to Canada, told no, had to return.
- Canada took less than 5000 Jews in. Lowest.
- If here, then prevented from going on beaches and attending university.
1935 Election
- New Parties: CCF and Social Credit
CCF - Tom Douglas
- Free healthcare
- Socialist party
- Created Regina Manifesto
- Premier in Sask in 1933
Social Credit Theory - C.H. Douglas
- Capitalism
- Financial institutions hoarding money
- Needed money to spread to improve economy
- Would print more and give to people
Social Credit Party - William Aberhart
- Party leader and Ab Premier in 1935-43
- Teacher and preacher
- Got support via radio sermons
- Promised money to families
- Got elected, but could not print money for people.
- Kept power due to WWII and oil find.
1935 Election
- New Parties: Union Nationale
Maurice Duplessis
- Quebec
- Conservative
- Supported Quebec nationalism
- Won 1936 election
- Aligned with church, but seperated from politics
Padlock Act
- Did not allow unions to strike
- Locked out of work place (hence name)
So many new parties developing and current parties looking for new methods.
Germany
Same thing happening in Germany with new parties.
- Nazies elected to solve economic issues
- WWII started by Germany brought world out of depression.
Canada Internationally 1930s
Statute of Westminister 1931
- Autonomy from Britain
- Used autonomy to stay out of conflicts leading to WWII - isolated Canada
- Led to policy of appeasement (give in to aggressive powers to avoid conflict)
Policy of Appeasement
- Japan, Italy, Spain
Japan invasion of Manchuria in 1931
- League of Nations wanted sanctions against Japan
- Canada refused
Italy invaded Ethiopia
- Riddel (Canadas League Delegate) under King agreed with sanctions and said they should include oil. This would stop war.
- King overrulled him.
Spanish Civil War
- Enacted Foreign Enlistment Act - cannot enlist in a foreign country.
Policy of Appeasement
- Why Appealing?
King did not another major war
- Population recovery
- Economic recovery
- Recover unity
- Germany no real threat
- People fine with fascism because it was better than communism
- King met Hitler - Nice guy.
World War 2
World War 2 - Overseas
- Beginning
Sept 1, 1939
- Blitzkrieg attack in Poland
- Soviet Union (pack with germany) invaded Euro’s eastern frontiers.
Sept 3
- Britain and France declare war on Germany
- Canada waited 1 week before declaring war
- People supported, but symbolic of autonomy.
World War 2
- Phony War
After first attacks, nothing for 7 months
- Canada more somber this time
- Time used to organize homefront and resources
- Created BC Air Training Program
- Trained 130,000 pilots
World War 2
- Next attacks
- How Canada Helped Brits
Germany attacks Denmark, Netherlands and Norway in Spring 1940.
- Rapid advance
- Fall of France
- Germany attacks Soviets in 1941 despite pact
- Soviets switch sides
How Canada Helped Britain
- Contributed entire economy
- Army
- War ships
- Aircraft
- Lent money, then used to buy products from Canada
Boundaries of Overseas and Homefront
- Atlantic Battle
- Canada Contribution
Boundaries crossed via the air force training program as well as the Atlantic Battle.
Atlantic Battle
- Battle of sea routes for goods between Americas and Europe/Africa
- Germany trying to starve out Britain via u-boat submarines travelling in packs.
- Destroyed 2000 ships
- Massive losses at beginning, but Canada able to finally contribute.
- Overcame lack of tech and experience
- Provided 400 new ships and many people.
- Provided air support
Battle of Hong Kong
Overlooked battle for Canadians
- After Pearl Harbour Japan went on rampage
- Hong Kong had strategic value to Britain
- Difficult to defend due to location
- First battle with Canada involved
- Japan won as Hong Kong governor surrendured on Dec 25, 1941.
- Created work camps which killed 550 Canadians.
-
Dieppe and Operation Jubilee
Next offencive Canada involved in.
- 1942 Northern France
- Canadians on Garrison duty in Britain, push for more activity
- Choose Dieppe in Normandy for second front
Did not go well - Bad strategy
- Suprise attack so no air support
- Ships dropped men at wrong sites
- Did not understand currents
- No high ground
- Tanks did not work on beaches.
- Battle 9 hrs long
- 3367 casualties of 6000 total
Total failure, but helped plan for D-Day
Invasion of Italy
Canada, USA and Britain combined
- Started 1943 in Sicily
- Won and Italy surrendured
- Germans rushed in to stop advance - boobytrapped streets
- Fought individually and blew holes in houses
- Made it to Gothic line - Victory
- 6000 Canadians died.
D-DAY
June 6, 1944
- No surprise
- Planes first
- Ships on beaches, not ports
- 5000 ships crossing English channel at same time
- 156,000 men on beaches
- Canadians took Juno beach 21,000 troops
This was beginning of liberation of Europe
- Canadians cleared North coast at great cost.
1945
Hitler killed himself
- Soviets and Berlin surrendured
- Germany carved into two
World War 2 - Homefront
- Economic Changes
- Ended depression, but did not want repeat of WWI
- Large scale gov’t control
- Built weapons
Large inflation
- Placed price and wage measures
- Official/voluntary groups enforced
- Encouraged victory bonds
- Managed to keep living costs low.
C.D. Howe
Minister of munitions and supply
- Major powers via War Measures Act
- No constraints legally/politically
- Later accused of being a dictator, but he got crap done.
- First priority was planes
Airplane Production
Example of big change at home
- No experience
- Fell on car company
- Redesign factory
- hire/train people
- 1 yr to build first plane, then 3-4 a week
- Elsie Magell in charge
- 1500 women workers
Rationing
- Books
Good economy, but war materials over personal took priority
- Rationing book provided
- Certain number of rationed goods per household - butter, sugar, meat, fuel.
- Shortages produced outcry - “no beer no bonds”
National Selective Services
- Womens Work
Created to coordinate needs of economy
- Shift from prov to fed power
- Ensure people working in right areas
- Encourage women to work temporarily in new ways - factories
- Wages lower than mens
- Some traditional work - sewing and aid packages
- 50,000 women enrolled in 3 branches of armed forces in WWII - could not be active and lower ranks
-
1940 Snap Election
- Conscription Issue
King won majority
- Promised no conscription
Issues with conscription
- How to keep it fair
- What is our duty
- Supply men or material
Volunteers dried up and men needed
- King focused on unity.
- Had a vote asking for freedom from promise
- 80% of Canada said yes
- Implimented in steps.
Conscription Steps
Step 1: National Resources Mobilization Act 1941
- People work where needed
- Conscription allowed, but could not leave country
Step 2: Vote
Step 3: 1944 forced to send men overseas
- Late in war and probably no effect on outcome
- All mad at King, but did what he could
- Kept people from rioting and got re-elected.
What happens after War?
- Another Issue
Focused on early in war.
- After WWI we had depression and soldiers had no work.
- Cons started pushing progressive platform and “Social Safety Nets”
- Other parties followed
Minorities at Wartime
- Germans and Italians interned as individuals
- Japs interned as group
- Asians on west coast treated worst.
Pearl Harbour
- Canada also delcared war on Japan
- Japs moved into camps - 75% Canadian born
- Took all possessions
- Official apology in 1988 with financial compensation.
