Pragmatics🍊 Flashcards
Metaphor
Saying something is something else
Hyperbole
Exaggeration of language
Shared understanding
Insider knowledge
Deictics/deixis/deictic information/indexicals/ indexical featutes
Context dependant words
Allusion
Indirect reference
Grice’s Maxims
Manner
Quality
Quantity
Relevance
Accommodation theory
When a speaker adjusts to accommodate the person they are speaking to
Giles
Convergence
Make speech closer to the other’s Upwards - towards higher class Downwards - towards lower class
Referential
Information giving
Transactional
Getting something done
Interactional
Talking for social purposes
Phatic
Small talk
Expressive
Showing emotion
Flout
A deliberate breaking of a maxim where those concerned are aware
Violate
Where one person is not aware of breaking a maxim
Primary deixis/exophoric
Context bound
Person deixis
Pronouns
Spatial deixis
Words describing the speaker in space or relation to other objects
Temporal deixis
Words describing the speaker in terms of time
Proximal deixis
This is where the situation is near to the speaker
Distal deixis
Used to express distance
Secondary deixis/endophoric
When a text refers to another part of itself
Anaphoric
Refers to something the text has previously identified
Cataphoric
Refers to something within a text which has not yet been identified
Context dependency/context - bound
Language specific to the context that creates a shared knowledge
Paralanguage
Body language
Honorifics
Using terms of adress
Hypocorism
Nicknames/pet names
Personal identity
All about the self and how we have individual identities that evolve over the course of our lives
Social identity
How we identify ourselves in a particular society
Negative politeness
Not imposing upon others.
Tend to opt for speech strategies that emphasise respect.
Over the top politeness.
Suggests a distant tenor and power asymmetry.
Implicature
An indirect meaning that arises from a sentence/utterance or maxims being flouted
Diminutives
A form of hypocorism with an ‘ee’ sound, e.g. mummy, sweetie, honey
Positive politeness
The desire to be liked/ appreciated.
Where there’s is usually an equal power balance or near to.
Emphasise solidarity with the person being addressed.
How does positive politeness avoid FTAs?
Showing solidarity.
By appealing to the listeners positive face.
Positive face
The need to be liked and admired
FTA
Face threatening act
Challenging face
Telling someone what to do.
Disagreeing with them or showing you do not value their beliefs and attitudes.
Ways of protecting face
Words like ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ Modal verbs to imply negotiation Conditional clauses Hedges ‘We’ or ‘us’
Negative face
The need not to be imposed upon
How does negative politeness avoid FTAs?
Showing respect.
By appealing to the hearer’s negative face.
Off the record/indirect request
This includes indirect speech acts
How does off the record avoid FTAs?
Not making a request at all, but instead providing an implicature that must be inferred to be a request by the hearer.
Bald on-record
Does nothing to minimise the hearer’s face.
Direct way of communicating.
No effort made to avoid FTAs.
Opt out
Say nothing
Who is Goffman?
Created face work concept
Who are Brown and Levison?
Extended Goffman’s idea of face and identified two types of face.
Electronic mode
The mode a webpage comes under
Ethos
Language where the speaker is fair, considerate, knowledgeable and trustworthy
Pathos
Language that works on the emotions of the audience
Logos
Language that is based on reasoned argument
It helps to convince the reader of the logic of the topic/argument
Ideographs
When abstract nouns have emotional impact
Synchronous
Immediate time
Asynchronous
Delayed time
Verbal irony
When words express something contrary to the truth or someone says the opposite of what they really mean or feel.
Often sarcastic - verbal irony with attitude
Situational irony
Actions have an effect which is the opposite from what was intended, so that outcome is contrary to what was expected.
Reasonable expectations are not met.
Dramatic irony
When the audience knows more than the character/people involved.
Ephemeral
Where a text is short lived
The opposite of permanent
Sub-text
Another term for implicature
Maxim of manner
Theory about clarity
Maxim of relevance
Theory about staying on topic in a conversation
Maxim of quantity
Theory about saying the right amount in a conversation
Maxim of quality
Theory about truthfulness
Dialogic mode
Interactive texts, full of exchanges and adjacent pairs
Power asymmetry
Where there is a power imbalance between speakers.
Another word for unequal encounter
Gender
How you identify
Sex
Biological differences
Hegemony
Society’s expectations of male and female behaviour.
Prototypical man and woman
Stereotyping
Assigning a set of characteristics to a group as a whole, often with negative connotations
Hegemonic man
Athletic Work oriented Competitive Dominant Unemotional
Hegemonic woman
Aesthetic Domesticated Maternal Submissive Emotional
Gender bias
It favours a certain gender over another
Gender neutral
Using language to avoid creating a gender bias
Default assumption
Where we assume unless we are told otherwise
Referential code
Code formulated through shared knowledge references
More knowledgeable other
Other people who play a significant role in advancing a child’s development.
Could be an adult or older sibling
Child-directed speech
A form of caregiver language that involves caregivers accommodating towards the way a child will speak, e.g monosyllabic words, simplified grammar, repetition etc.
Vocative
A term used to address people or things
E.g. dad, mum
Topic shifts
Changes of topic. Utterances that initiate them are termed ‘topic shifters’
Sign of conversational dominance
Presupposition
Linguistic term for assumption
Egocentric speech (child language)
- Involves a child talking to him or herself for self-guidance, usually through an activity
- E.g. a 4 year old girl may say things aloud when playing on her own or explain what she is doing, as if she was talking to someone
Sociodramatic play (begins 3/4 years old) (child language)
- Children play together using role play because it is enjoyable but it also practices social interactions and negotiation skills with players’ roles often decided as they play
- Links to Halliday’s imaginative function
- In pretend-play, they often use field-specific lexis and structure utterances in formulaic ways that adults use, suggesting that they observe and imitate adult behaviour
- Links to Skinner
What’s another name for pretend play?
Role play
Metonymy
- A figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated
- Like a subtle metaphor
- E.g. ‘lend a hand’
Collaborative talk
- Language used to build a close rapport/tenor with the recipient
- Includes minimal responses and back-channelling devices as well as other oriented photic tokens amongst more
Demotic identity
Where a speaker uses their individual idiolect/sociolect in conversation, you can say they are demonstrating a demotic identity
Litote
Ironic understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary
•E.g. I did quite well (on a test that you got 100% on)
Rhetoric devices
In rhetoric, a rhetorical device, persuasive device, or stylistic device is a technique that an author or speaker uses to convey to the listener or reader a meaning with the goal of persuading them
