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English📖 > Pragmatics🍊 > Flashcards

Pragmatics🍊 Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Metaphor

A

Saying something is something else

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2
Q

Hyperbole

A

Exaggeration of language

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3
Q

Shared understanding

A

Insider knowledge

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4
Q

Deictics/deixis/deictic information/indexicals/ indexical featutes

A

Context dependant words

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5
Q

Allusion

A

Indirect reference

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6
Q

Grice’s Maxims

A

Manner
Quality
Quantity
Relevance

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7
Q

Accommodation theory

A

When a speaker adjusts to accommodate the person they are speaking to
Giles

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8
Q

Convergence

A 
Make speech closer to the other’s
Upwards - towards higher class
Downwards - towards lower class
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9
Q

Referential

A

Information giving

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10
Q

Transactional

A

Getting something done

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11
Q

Interactional

A

Talking for social purposes

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12
Q

Phatic

A

Small talk

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13
Q

Expressive

A

Showing emotion

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14
Q

Flout

A

A deliberate breaking of a maxim where those concerned are aware

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15
Q

Violate

A

Where one person is not aware of breaking a maxim

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16
Q

Primary deixis/exophoric

A

Context bound

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17
Q

Person deixis

A

Pronouns

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18
Q

Spatial deixis

A

Words describing the speaker in space or relation to other objects

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19
Q

Temporal deixis

A

Words describing the speaker in terms of time

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20
Q

Proximal deixis

A

This is where the situation is near to the speaker

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21
Q

Distal deixis

A

Used to express distance

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22
Q

Secondary deixis/endophoric

A

When a text refers to another part of itself

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23
Q

Anaphoric

A

Refers to something the text has previously identified

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24
Q

Cataphoric

A

Refers to something within a text which has not yet been identified

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25
Q

Context dependency/context - bound

A

Language specific to the context that creates a shared knowledge

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26
Q

Paralanguage

A

Body language

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27
Q

Honorifics

A

Using terms of adress

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28
Q

Hypocorism

A

Nicknames/pet names

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29
Q

Personal identity

A

All about the self and how we have individual identities that evolve over the course of our lives

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30
Q

Social identity

A

How we identify ourselves in a particular society

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31
Q

Negative politeness

A

Not imposing upon others.
Tend to opt for speech strategies that emphasise respect.
Over the top politeness.
Suggests a distant tenor and power asymmetry.

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32
Q

Implicature

A

An indirect meaning that arises from a sentence/utterance or maxims being flouted

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33
Q

Diminutives

A

A form of hypocorism with an ‘ee’ sound, e.g. mummy, sweetie, honey

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34
Q

Positive politeness

A

The desire to be liked/ appreciated.
Where there’s is usually an equal power balance or near to.
Emphasise solidarity with the person being addressed.

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35
Q

How does positive politeness avoid FTAs?

A

Showing solidarity.

By appealing to the listeners positive face.

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36
Q

Positive face

A

The need to be liked and admired

37
Q

FTA

A

Face threatening act

38
Q

Challenging face

A

Telling someone what to do.

Disagreeing with them or showing you do not value their beliefs and attitudes.

39
Q

Ways of protecting face

A 
Words like ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ 
Modal verbs to imply negotiation
Conditional clauses 
Hedges
‘We’ or ‘us’
40
Q

Negative face

A

The need not to be imposed upon

41
Q

How does negative politeness avoid FTAs?

A

Showing respect.

By appealing to the hearer’s negative face.

42
Q

Off the record/indirect request

A

This includes indirect speech acts

43
Q

How does off the record avoid FTAs?

A

Not making a request at all, but instead providing an implicature that must be inferred to be a request by the hearer.

44
Q

Bald on-record

A

Does nothing to minimise the hearer’s face.
Direct way of communicating.
No effort made to avoid FTAs.

45
Q

Opt out

A

Say nothing

46
Q

Who is Goffman?

A

Created face work concept

47
Q

Who are Brown and Levison?

A

Extended Goffman’s idea of face and identified two types of face.

48
Q

Electronic mode

A

The mode a webpage comes under

49
Q

Ethos

A

Language where the speaker is fair, considerate, knowledgeable and trustworthy

50
Q

Pathos

A

Language that works on the emotions of the audience

51
Q

Logos

A

Language that is based on reasoned argument

It helps to convince the reader of the logic of the topic/argument

52
Q

Ideographs

A

When abstract nouns have emotional impact

53
Q

Synchronous

A

Immediate time

54
Q

Asynchronous

A

Delayed time

55
Q

Verbal irony

A

When words express something contrary to the truth or someone says the opposite of what they really mean or feel.
Often sarcastic - verbal irony with attitude

56
Q

Situational irony

A

Actions have an effect which is the opposite from what was intended, so that outcome is contrary to what was expected.
Reasonable expectations are not met.

57
Q

Dramatic irony

A

When the audience knows more than the character/people involved.

58
Q

Ephemeral

A

Where a text is short lived

The opposite of permanent

59
Q

Sub-text

A

Another term for implicature

60
Q

Maxim of manner

A

Theory about clarity

61
Q

Maxim of relevance

A

Theory about staying on topic in a conversation

62
Q

Maxim of quantity

A

Theory about saying the right amount in a conversation

63
Q

Maxim of quality

A

Theory about truthfulness

64
Q

Dialogic mode

A

Interactive texts, full of exchanges and adjacent pairs

65
Q

Power asymmetry

A

Where there is a power imbalance between speakers.

Another word for unequal encounter

66
Q

Gender

A

How you identify

67
Q

Sex

A

Biological differences

68
Q

Hegemony

A

Society’s expectations of male and female behaviour.

Prototypical man and woman

69
Q

Stereotyping

A

Assigning a set of characteristics to a group as a whole, often with negative connotations

70
Q

Hegemonic man

A 
Athletic
Work oriented 
Competitive 
Dominant 
Unemotional
71
Q

Hegemonic woman

A 
Aesthetic
Domesticated 
Maternal 
Submissive 
Emotional
72
Q

Gender bias

A

It favours a certain gender over another

73
Q

Gender neutral

A

Using language to avoid creating a gender bias

74
Q

Default assumption

A

Where we assume unless we are told otherwise

75
Q

Referential code

A

Code formulated through shared knowledge references

76
Q

More knowledgeable other

A

Other people who play a significant role in advancing a child’s development.
Could be an adult or older sibling

77
Q

Child-directed speech

A

A form of caregiver language that involves caregivers accommodating towards the way a child will speak, e.g monosyllabic words, simplified grammar, repetition etc.

78
Q

Vocative

A

A term used to address people or things

E.g. dad, mum

79
Q

Topic shifts

A

Changes of topic. Utterances that initiate them are termed ‘topic shifters’
Sign of conversational dominance

80
Q

Presupposition

A

Linguistic term for assumption

81
Q

Egocentric speech (child language)

A
  • Involves a child talking to him or herself for self-guidance, usually through an activity
  • E.g. a 4 year old girl may say things aloud when playing on her own or explain what she is doing, as if she was talking to someone
82
Q

Sociodramatic play (begins 3/4 years old) (child language)

A
  • Children play together using role play because it is enjoyable but it also practices social interactions and negotiation skills with players’ roles often decided as they play
  • Links to Halliday’s imaginative function
  • In pretend-play, they often use field-specific lexis and structure utterances in formulaic ways that adults use, suggesting that they observe and imitate adult behaviour
  • Links to Skinner
83
Q

What’s another name for pretend play?

A

Role play

84
Q

Metonymy

A
  • A figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated
  • Like a subtle metaphor
  • E.g. ‘lend a hand’
85
Q

Collaborative talk

A
  • Language used to build a close rapport/tenor with the recipient
  • Includes minimal responses and back-channelling devices as well as other oriented photic tokens amongst more
86
Q

Demotic identity

A

Where a speaker uses their individual idiolect/sociolect in conversation, you can say they are demonstrating a demotic identity

87
Q

Litote

A

Ironic understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary
•E.g. I did quite well (on a test that you got 100% on)

88
Q

Rhetoric devices

A

In rhetoric, a rhetorical device, persuasive device, or stylistic device is a technique that an author or speaker uses to convey to the listener or reader a meaning with the goal of persuading them

English📖 (15 decks)

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