Phonetics/phonology🍍 Flashcards
Accent
The sound of our voice
Intonation
Rise and fall of our voices
Prosodic features
Includes features such as stress, volume, rhythm, pitch, tempo and intonation
Assonance
Repeated vowel sounds in a word
E.g. Kwik Fit
Phoneme
Individual unit of sound
Fricative
Uses airflow
/f/ /v/ /th/
Plosive
Denoting a consonant produced by stopping airflow with teeth
Glottal stop
Omission of the t sound
Schwa
Unstressed central vowel
E.g. the a sound in Emma
Received Pronunciation
Educated accent, typically British
G-dropping
Missing the /g/ phoneme off the ends of utterances
Elision
Slurring words together
Dental fricative
Th sound
/θ/ (voiceless) /ð̼/ (voiced)
Labiodental fricative
/f/ (voiceless) and /v/ (voiced)
Rhotacism
Emphasis of the /r/ phoneme
Consonant clusters
Where two or more consonant phonemes father together without a vowel
Italics
Using emphasis in language use on particular words
Creates varied prosody
Bilabial plosives
/b/ (voiced) and /p/ (voiceless)
Alveolar plosive
/t/ (voiceless) /d/ (voiced)
Alveolar fricative
/s/
Substitution
- Replacing a difficult phoneme for an easier one
* BE CAREFUL - could be an accent feature!
Assimilation
- Where a neighbouring sound is impacted by another
- A from of substitution as one sound will be substituted for another
- E.g. saying ‘lellow’ for ‘yellow’
Weak syllable deletion (deletion)
- Deletion of unstressed syllables
* E.g. pyjamas -> jamas
Initial consonant deletion (deletion)
- Deletion of the first consonant
* E.g. green -> reen
Final consonant deletion (deletion)
- Deletion of the end consonant
- E.g. about -> abou
- Could be a spontaneity/spoken mode/accent feature
Digraph
Two letters written together to represent a single sound
E.g. ch, ck, gh, ai, au, ea
Diphthong
A vowel sound that is composed of a sequence of two vowels
-E.g. high, late
What is the place of articulation?
These are the places where constrictions/obstructions of air occur.
I.e. WHERE
What is the manner of articulation?
The arrangement and interaction of the speech organs when making a speech sound.
I.e. HOW
Disyllabic
A word consisting of 2 syllables
Labiodentals (place)
Occur when you block/constrict airflow by curling your lower lip back and raising it to touch your upper row of teeth
/f/ /v/
Dentals (place)
Occur when you block/constrict airflow by placing your tongue against your upper teeth
/θ/ /ð̼/
Bilabials (place)
Occur when you block/constrict airflow by bringing your lips together
/p/ /b/ /m/
Alveolars (place)
Occur when you raise your tongue to the alveolar ridge
/n/ /t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /l/ /r/
What’s an alveolar ridge?
Where your teeth meet your gums
Post-alveolars (place)
Occur when the tongue blocks/constricts airflow at the point just beyond the alveolar ridge
/ʃ/ /ʒ/ /tʃ/ /dʒ/
Palatals (place)
Occur when you raise the tongue to the hard plate to block/constrict airflow
/j/
What’s a hard plate?
The roof of your mouth
Velars (place)
Occur when you raise the back of your tongue to the velum, blocking/restricting airflow
/ŋ/ /k/ /g/
Labial velars (place)
Produced in same way as velars
/w/
Glottals (place)
Aren’t really consonants but play consonant roles in the language.
Produced at the glottis
/h/
/?/ (the /t/ phoneme is often dropped)
Nasals (manner)
Created when you completely block airflow through your mouth and let the air pass through your nose
Plosives (manner)
Also called ‘stops’
Occur when vocal tract is closed completely; the air quickly builds up pressure behind the articulators and then releases in a burst
Fricative (manner)
Only involve a partial blockage, so air has to be forced through a narrow channel
Affricate (manner)
Fusion of plosives and fricatives
Allophone
A variation of a phoneme
E.g. the alveolar lateral has a light l in the word luck and a dark l in the word bell
Near-close near-back rounded vowel
/ʊ/
Spoonerism
- Mixing sounds in words
* E.g. a flock of bats instead of a block of flats
Omission spelling
- Missing a grapheme
* E.g. missing in ‘watch’
