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English📖 > Lexis🍋 > Flashcards

Lexis🍋 Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Colloquialisms

A

Informal words, slang or phrases that are often used in comfortable environments.

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2
Q

Taboo/expletives

A

Swearing

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3
Q

Semantic field

A

Where words share a common theme or idea

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4
Q

Collocation

A

Typical phrases/words that go together

E.g. ‘bride and groom’ or ‘salt and pepper’

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5
Q

Filler/voiced pauses

A

E.g. ‘er’ ‘um’ ‘ah’

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6
Q

Dialect

A

The words and grammar we use

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7
Q

Idiolect

A

Our distinctive and individual style of speaking

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8
Q

Sociolect

A

Language used by a social group.

This creates a group membership and social identity.

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9
Q

Neologism

A

New words that enter the language

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10
Q

Denotation

A

The literal meaning of a sign

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11
Q

Connotation

A

The associated meaning of a sign

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12
Q

Paranomasia/pun

A

A play on words for comedic effect or to stimulate thinking

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13
Q

Initialism

A

Words that are shortened via letters.

E.g. ‘brb’

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14
Q

Jargon

A

Also known as specialist lexis.

Subject specific terms

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15
Q

Hedging

A

Softening language

E.g. ‘kinda’, ‘sort of’

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16
Q

Minimal responses

A

Words to show we are listening

E.g. ‘mm’, ‘yeah’

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17
Q

Recasting

A

When caregivers repeat words in the accurate way to educate children on standard words

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18
Q

Vulgarism

A

Language which falls short of taboo but is still not usually used in polite society

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19
Q

Conjunction/connection

A

Function words that link part of a sentence together

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20
Q

Interjection/exclamation

A

E.g. ‘hey’, ‘oi’, ‘ouch’, ‘huh’

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21
Q

Lexical ambiguity

A

Where a word or phrase has more than one potential meaning

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22
Q

Vague language

A

Unassertive language

E.g. ‘something’, ‘thingymajig’, ‘and all that’

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23
Q

Vernacular

A

The style of speech we chose to adopt in certain situations

E.g. an informal vernacular with friends

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24
Q

Anaphora

A

Form of syntactic parallelism

The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of a successive clause

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25
Q

Anadiplosis

A

Form of syntactic parallelism

Th repetition of a word or phrase at the end of a successive clause, which begins the next

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26
Q

Syntactic parallelism

A

Repetition in adjacent clauses and sentences

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27
Q

Antonym

A

Word opposites

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28
Q

Euphemism

A

Another way of phrasing something without explicitly saying it.
E.g. passed away

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29
Q

Dysphemism

A

A word or phrase people use to make something or someone sound negative, bad or unlikeable.

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30
Q

Malapropism/untypical collocation

A

Where a text uses an incorrect collocation

31
Q

Polysemy/the use of polysemes

A

When ambiguity arises from having many possible meanings for a word or phrase

32
Q

Homophones

A

Two or more words have the same pronunciation but different meanings

33
Q

Homographs

A

Two or more words have the same spelling but different meanings

34
Q

Homonym

A

Umbrella term for homophones and homographs

35
Q

Anglo-Saxon

A

Structure words
Familiar everyday words
Monosyllabic words

36
Q

French

A

Elegant and sophisticated words

Originate from France

37
Q

Latinate

A

Long, impressive words

Polysyllabic words

38
Q

Generalisation/extension/broadening

A 
Use of a word in a broader realm of meaning than it originally possessed.
Often refers to all items in a class rather than one specific item.
39
Q

Specialisation

A

The opposite of generalisation.

Narrowing of a word.

40
Q

Amelioration

A

A word’s meaning improves or becomes elevated, coming to represent something more favourable than it originally referred to

41
Q

Pejoration

A

A word’s meaning worsens or degenerates, coming to represent something less favourable than it originally did

42
Q

Etymology

A

A word’s origin, history and journey

43
Q

Polysemy

A

Where a word has two or more meanings

The linguistic term for lexical ambiguity

44
Q

Semantic change

A

The collective term for generalisation, specialisation, amelioration and peroration

45
Q

Atypical collocation/malapropism

A

Unfamiliar collocations

46
Q

Antithesis

A

The linguistic term for opposite

47
Q

Positive reinforcement/expressives

A

Encouraging words used by one speaker to another, especially towards children to make it more likely the behaviour will occur in the future. Often shows a power inbalance.

48
Q

Marked term

A

Words that standout from the norm

E.g. princess, priestess, governess

49
Q

Unmarked terms

A

The normal form of a word

E.g. Prince, priest, governor

50
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

When a caregiver corrects a child to help them learn, in the hope that the child will then imitate this behaviour

51
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Umbrella term for positive and negative reinforcement.
Where a child tries out all sorts of utterances and is conditioned to repeat certain language patterns through negative and positive reinforcement.

52
Q

Affirmatives

A

Agreement words

Used in positive reinforcement

53
Q

Proto-words

A

Neologised words a child consistently uses

54
Q

Reduplication

A

Repeated syllables

E.g. ‘da-da’ - dad

55
Q

Overextension

A
  • Where a child over applies a lexical category
  • Can say ‘experimenting with lexical development’
  • E.g. calling all animals dogs
56
Q

Underextension

A
  • Under applying a lexical category

* E.g. assuming their dog is the only ‘dog’ in the world

57
Q

Categorical overextension

A
  • One word is applied to everything in that category
  • Can say ‘experimenting with a label’
  • E.g. calling all round fruit ‘apple’
58
Q

Analogical overextension

A
  • One word is used to describe something in a different category
  • Usually size and shape based
  • E.g. calling an apple and the moon ‘ball’
59
Q

Mismatch statements (overextension)

A
  • Where children use a random word with loose associations with the objects
  • This might be through the environment or the child’s personal experience
  • E.g. ‘duck’ when they see a pond
60
Q

Back-channeling

A

Words, phrases and non-verbal utterances used by a listener to give feedback to a speaker that the message is being followed and understood
E.g. “I see” “oh” “uh huh”

61
Q

Interactional talk

A

Language in conversation used for interpersonal reasons and/or socialising

62
Q

Repairs

A

An alteration that is suggested or made by a speaker, the addressee, or audience in order to correct or clarify a previous conversational contribution

63
Q

Transactional talk

A

Language to get things done or to transmit content or information

64
Q

Diminutive

A

•Version of a noun that refers to a small version of something (adding a prefix or suffix)
-E.g. notelet, kitchenette, duckling
•Version of a noun that indicated familiarity or fondness (adding a suffix)
-E.g. Aussie, sweetie, champers
•A short form of a personal name
-E.g. Tim, Katy

65
Q

Epiphora/epistrophe

A

Repetition of a word or phrase at the end of a successive clause

66
Q

What could be the word ‘like’ used for?

A
  • Quotative
  • Hedge
  • Filled pause
67
Q

Contextual factors of the word like

A
  • Attitudes of this word are overwhelmingly negative
  • Despite this, their usage remains common
  • May have some covert prestige within a particular social group
  • Could relate to Accommodation theory
68
Q

Hyponymy

A

The study of hyponyms and hypernyms

Umbrella term

69
Q

Hyponym

A

A word that describes things more specifically

E.g. proper nouns - Niagra Falls

70
Q

Hypernym

A

A word that refers to broad cafe fires or general concepts

E.g. dog is a hypernym of border terrier

71
Q

What is another word for holophrase?

A

Operator

72
Q

Regional variation

A

Our accent and dialect choices

73
Q

Semantic drift

A
  • A process of linguistic change over a period of time in regards to lexis and how words evolved
  • Synonymous with semantic change
74
Q

Idiosyncratic

A

Peculiar to the modern reader

English📖 (15 decks)

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