Pragmatics

Question 1

Embodied knowledge

Answer 1

Knowledge that is associated with memories of physically experiencing something, for example the sights and smells of visiting a city

Question 2

Schema

Answer 2

A bundle of knowledge about a concept, person or event. Unique to individuals

Question 3

Co-text

Answer 3

Other words or phrases surrounding a word in a text

Question 4

Grove stated that there was a ‘cooperative principle’ in which there are four maxims which conversation must have to be successful, what are they?

Answer 4

Quantity, quality, relevance, manner

Question 5

What happens when maxims are broken

Answer 5

Implicatures- an implied meaning that has to be inferred by a speaker as a result of one of the maxims being broken

Question 6

Goffman

Answer 6

Positive face need (valued and appreciated), negative face need (independent and not imposed upon), face threatening act, politeness strategies

Question 7

Positive politeness strategy

Answer 7

Saying something complimentary at the start

Question 8

Negative politeness strategy

Answer 8

Addresses negative face needs- e.g. apologising before speaking

Question 9

Deixis/ deictic words

Answer 9

Words that are context-bound and whose meaning depend on who is using them, and where and when they are being used

Question 10

Deictic categories

Answer 10

Person (names and the personal pronouns), spatial (adverbs of place, demonstratives, orientations words like left right and deictic verbs like come and go), temporal (adverbs of time)

Question 11

Proximal deixis

Answer 11

Deictic expressions that refer to concepts, events or people close to the speaker (here’, now)

Question 12

Distal deixis

Answer 12

Deictic expressions that refer to concepts, events or people at a distance from the speaker (there, tomorrow)