Practres- Design And Sampling Flashcards
word which means a plan or something that is conceptualized by the mind.
Design
As a result of a mental activity characterized by unfixed formation of something but an extensive interconnection of things, a design in the field of research serves as a blueprint or a skeletal framework of your research.
Design
Involves planning the methods or techniques in collecting and analyzing data.
Qualitative research
To describe person, thing, or any creature on Earth for the purpose of explaining reasons behind the nature of its existence.
Case study
Aim is to determine why such an individual or an object acts, behaves, occurs, or exists in a particular manner. Usually, centers on an individual or single subject matter.
Case study
Methods of collecting data: interview, observation, questionnaire
Case study
Involves a study of a certain cultural group or organization in which the researcher obtain knowledge about the characteristics, organizational set-up, and relationships of the group members, must necessarily involve you in their group activities.
Ethnography
Requires actual participation in group member’s activities while a case study treats researcher as an outsider whose role is just to observe the group.
- Require you to live with the subjects.
Ethnography
Allows you to determine reasons for changes or permanence of things in the physical world in a certain period.
Historical study
Study as time of changes is not a time shorter than a year, but a period indicating a big number of years.
Historical study
Differs from other research designs because of this one element that is peculiar to it, the scope.
Historical study
Methods of collecting data: biography / autobiography reading, documentary analysis and chronicling activities, questionnaire
Historical study
——- is something you experience on Earth as a person. It is a sensory experience that makes you perceive or understand things that naturally occur in your life, such as death, joy, friendship, caregiving, defeat, victory, and the like.
Phenomenology
Finds itself relevant or useful to people such as teachers, nurses, guidance counselors, and the like, whose work entails giving physical and emotional assistance or relief to people.
Phenomenology
Unstructured interviews
Phenomenology
Aims to develop a theory that will increase your understanding of something in psycho-social context.
Grounded theory
Enables you to develop theories to explain sociologically and psychologically influenced phenomena for proper identification of a certain educational process.
Grounded theory
Takes place in an inductive manner, wherein one basic category of people’s action and interactions gets related to a second category; to third category; and so on, until a new theory emerges from the previous data.
Grounded theory
Grounded theory
How to collect data using grounded theory
A return to the previous data to validate the new theory is a zigzag sampling; data is collected through: formal, informal, or semi-structured interview and analysis or written works, notes, phone calls, meetings, proceedings, and training sessions.
Method or process of selecting respondents or people to answer questions meant to yield data for a research study.
Sampling
Chosen ones constitute the sample through which you will derive facts and evidence to support the claims or conclusions propounded by your research problem.
Sampling
Bigger group from where you choose the sample is called
Population
Is the term used to mean the list of the members of such population from where you will get the sample.
Sampling frame
History of sampling
Beginning of sampling could be traced back to the early political activities of the Americans in 1920 when Literary Digest did a pioneering survey about the American citizens’ favorite among the 1920 presidential candidate
Involves all members listed in sampling frame representing a certain population focused on by your study.
Probability Sampling or Unbiased Sampling
Equal chance of participation in the sampling or selection process is given to every member listed in the sampling frame. What kind of sampling
Probability Sampling or Unbiased Sampling
Able to obtain a sample that is capable of representing the population under study or of showing strong similarities in characteristics with the members of the population. What kind of sampling
Probability Sampling or Unbiased Sampling
crops up if the selection does not take place in the way it is planned; manifested by strong dissimilarity between the sample and the ones listed in the sampling frame.
Sampling error
Read this
Smaller the sample is, the bigger the number of sampling errors; however increasing size of sample is not easy.
- Things you have to mull over in finalizing this: Expenses for questionnaires and interview trips, interview schedules, and time for reading respondents’ answers.
- Right sample size also depends on whether or not the group is heterogeneous or homogeneous.
Types:
best type of probability sampling; using a pure-chance-selection, you assure every member the same opportunity to be in the sample.
Simple random sampling
What to do in simple random sampling. A and B
A. Have a list of all members of population; write each name on a card and choose cards through pure-chance-selection.
b. Have a list of all members; give a number to member and then use randomized or unordered numbers in selecting names from list.
chance and system are the ones to determine who should compose the sample; ex. out of a list of 15,000 students, take every 15th name on list until you complete the total no. of respondents.
Systematic Sampling
chosen in a way that such group is liable to subdivision during the data analysis stage.
Stratified Sampling
makes you isolate a set of persons instead of individual members to serve as sample members; ex. if you want to have a sample of 120 out of 1,000 students, randomly select three sections with 40 students each to constitute the sample.
Cluster Sampling
Disregards random selection of subjects.
Non-probability Sampling
when you think you know the characteristics of the target population very well; tend to choose sample members possessing or indicating the characteristics of the target population.
Quota sampling
there is no need for you to do any selection process.
Voluntary sampling
choose people whom you are sure could correspond to the objectives of your study, like selecting those with rich experience or interest in your study. What kind of sampling
Purposive or Judgmental Sampling
willingness of a person as your subject to interact with you counts a lot; ex. you encounter a person in the corridors during your data collections and they show willingness to respond to your questions. What kind of sampling
Availability sampling
similar to snow expanding widely or rolling rapidly; free to obtain data from any group just like snow freely expanding and accumulating at a certain place, you tend to increase the number of people you want.
Snowball sampling
