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Bio Lab > Practicle #6 > Flashcards

Practicle #6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Euchordata Apomorphies

A

Urochordata and vertebrata.
- have neural crest

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2
Q

Nueral crest

A

Group of cells near dorsal margin of neural tube in embryo, dispenses cells to form cranial tissues.

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3
Q

Vertebrata

A

Fishes, amphibians, mammals, reptiles, birds.
- cranium
- tripartite brain
- sensory organs
- lateral line system
- 2 chambered heart
- liver
- kidney
- hemoglobin compounds

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4
Q

Cranium

A

Made of cartilage, becomes ossified, fuses to form skull, houses brain and sensory organs.

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5
Q

Tripartite brain

A

Larger than in invertebrates, has 3 parts, helps to deal with information and form sensory organs

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6
Q

Olfactory organs

A

Chemoreception for smell

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7
Q

Lateral line

A

Senses water movements, receptors embedded under skin.

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8
Q

Pineal organ

A

Detects presence/absence of light, under skin on top of head, regulates behaviors and hormones.

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9
Q

2 chambered heart

A

Derived from part of ventral aorta, evolved to accommodate the evolution of dense capillaries in gills

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10
Q

Hemoglobin compounds

A

Hemoglobin molecule binds with oxygen to increase oxygen content of blood, gives bloods its red color.

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11
Q

Liver

A

Produces proteins and digestive juices, stores energy, filters waste like dead blood cells.

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12
Q

Kidney

A

Maintains various bodily fluid solute concentrations, removes wastes like urea, especially important in marine life.

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13
Q

Vertebrae

A

Bony disks that form column, surrounds and protects the dorsal nerve, derived from notochord.

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14
Q

Cyclostomata

A

Jawless fish.
- circle mouths
- keratinized teeth
- rudimentary cartilaginous blocks (rather than vertebrae)

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15
Q

Myxini

A

Hagfish.
- scavengers
- no larval stage (direct development)
- oral tentacles for sensing and feeding
- oral plates
- threads from mucus glands

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16
Q

Petryomyzontida

A

Lampreys.
- parasitic fish
- anadromous
- eventually metamorphose

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17
Q

Gnathostomes

A

Jawed vertabrates.
- jaws
- calcified teeth
- vertebral column
- heterocercal tail
- paired fins
- stomach
- pancreas
- spleen

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18
Q

Jaws

A

Formed from first set of pharyngeal bars, allow for enlarged feeding gape.

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19
Q

Calcified teeth

A

Derivatives of calcium phosphate skeleton, important for biting/chewing.

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20
Q

Vertebral column

A

Calcified vertebrae replace notochord, surrounds and protects dorsal nerve.

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21
Q

Heterocercal tail

A

Allows for rapid acceleration and burst swimming.

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22
Q

Paired fins

A

Allow for greater conrol and stability while swimming, evolve into arms and legs
- pectoral + pelvic

23
Q

Stomach

A

Expansion of foregut, wrinkles cause greater surface area, hydrochloric acid and muscular contraction help with digestion.

24
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces enzymes for digestion.

25
Q

Spleen

A

Filters and helps produce blood, stores immune system cells.

26
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Sharks, skates, rays, ratfish.
- male pelvic claspers
- placoid scales
- skeleton mostly cartilaginous

27
Q

Holocephali

A

Ratfish.
- diffuse placoid scales
- pre-pelvic and cephalic claspers
- fused tooth plates

28
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Ray-finned fishes, lungfish, coelacanths, tetrapods.
- swim bladder or lung for buoyancy
- adenticulate scales
- bony operculum

29
Q

Actinopterygii

A

Ray-finned fishes.
- homoceral tail
- highly mobile
- specialized fins with bony spines
- spines in dorsal fin
- ganoine on scales

30
Q

Sarcopterygii

A

Lobe-finned fishes
- muscular and lobed fins
- teeth have enamel

31
Q

Actinistia

A

Coelacanths.
- ossified gas bladder
- 3 lobed tail

32
Q

Chonata

A

Lungfish and tetrapods.
- bile sats for digestions
- choana: internal nostril for nose breathing

33
Q

Tetrapods

A

Mammals, amphibians, reptiles.
- eyelids
- stapes
- atlas
- 4 legs, 5 digits per limb

34
Q

Eyelids

A

Prevent cornea from drying out.

35
Q

Stapes

A

Hyomandibular bone –> rod-like inner ear bone, attaches to eardrum, picks up vibrations, passes ear fliuds to brain.

35
Q

Atlas

A

Anterior vertebrae connecting head to skull, increases movement.

35
Q

Amphibians

A

Caucilians, salamanders, frogs.
- respirate through skin with sac lungs
- reduced digits on front limbs
- skin has poison glands and mucus glands (for defense and to prevent desiccation)

36
Q

Apoda

A

Caecilians.
- legless, segmented amphibians
- osteoderms embedded in skin
- no pelvic girdle
- 2 teeth rows
- tenctacle sense organ on mouth

37
Q

Urodela

A

Salamanders.
- live in wet environments
- have gills
- suscepticle to drought/toxins (indicators of healthy ecosystem)

38
Q

Anura

A

Frogs and toads.
- limbless larvae with internal gills
- no true teeth
- lack tail as adults
- hindlimbs are longer than forearms
- ribs lost and pelvic girdle elongated

39
Q

Frog habitats based on morphology

A
  • pond dwellers: long legs, hind feet have lots of webbing
  • Burrower: short and stubby, hindlimbs short, spade of foot, feet highly webbed
  • climber: small body, long legs, slender toes with round pads
40
Q

Amniota

A

Mammals and reptiles.
- reproduce out of water, amniote egg
- internal fertilization
- hard keratin covering

41
Q

Amniote egg

A

Can be laid on land, inner protecting lining for gas exchange, surrounded by fluid filled sac, large nutritive yolk with nutrients.

42
Q

Reptilia

A

Turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, dinosaurs, birds.
- uric acid
- scales with beta-keratin

43
Q

Testudines

A

Turtles and tortoises.
- marine/freshwater/terrestrial
- shell bone overlaid with epidermal scutes made of keratin

44
Q

Squamata

A

Lizards and snakes.
- paired hemipenes in males
- enlarged Jacobson’s organ

45
Q

Lizard morphological adaptations

A
  • sand dweller: fringes on toes for running on sand, flat body, wedge shaped head
  • burrower: lack limbs, elongated
  • semiaquatic: enlarged tail for swimming
  • arboreal: compressed body, rounded toe pads
  • generalized: “normal” proportions, no specialization
46
Q

Archosauria

A

Crocodylia and dinosauria.
- 4 chambered heart
- parental care
- facultative bipedalism
- nest building

47
Q

Crocodylia

A

Crocodiles, alligators, gavials.
- flat skull with conical teeth
- laterally compressed tail for swimming
- webbed feet

Crocs = V-shaped snout
Alligator = U-shaped snout

48
Q

Aves

A

Birds.
- collar bones fused into furcula (wishbone)
- sternum has keep for muscle attachment
- hollow bones
- semi-lunate carpal
- feathers
- powered flight
- shortened tails
- loss of teeth
- vertabrae fused

49
Q

Hollow bones

A

Lungs extent into bones (increased O2 consumption to support flight)

50
Q

Semi-lunate carpel

A

Crescent shaped wrist bone, increased flexibility.

51
Q

Feathers

A

High modified scales, central axis is rachis, branching structure (vanes –> bards –> barbules –> hooks)

52
Q

Bird morphological adaptations

A
  • sand prober: long thin beak, legs for wading
  • insect eater: beak long and pointed
  • insect netter: short and flat beak, hairs on beak detet insects, catch insects in flight
  • water strainer: short and flat beak, frills to hold food/water
  • raptor: short hooks beak with sharp edges
  • fish eater: long and spear-like beak
  • seed cracker: sorth and stubby beak with sharp edges

Bio Lab (7 decks)

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