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Bio Lab > Practicle #4 > Flashcards

Practicle #4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Animalia

A

Apomorphies: diplontic life cycles, have collagen, chemoheterotrophs, multicellular with division of labor

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2
Q

Diplontic life cycle

A

Spend majority of their life cycle as diploid.

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3
Q

Collagen

A

Connective tissue.

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4
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Digest other living things internally.

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5
Q

Porifera

A

Sponges

  • sessile and benthic
  • made up of cells embedded in mesohyal
  • only “animal” with totipotent cells (change form and function throughout their cell cycles)

Apomorphies: aquiferous system, spicules

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6
Q

Spicules

A

Rigid structural materials

  • embedded in mesohyl
  • provide support/structure
  • made of calcium carbonate, spongin, or silica
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7
Q

Aquiferous system

A

System of pores and canals that bring water through sponge (food, gas exchange, waste removal)

  • ostia: draws water in
  • oscula: expells water
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8
Q

Eumetazoa

A

All animals except sponges

Apomorphies: true tissues, cellular basement membrane, ectoderm and endoderm in embryonic development, gastrovascular cavity, beginnings of nervous system

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9
Q

Cnidaria

A

Jellies, sea anenomies, etc.

Many are diplontic with alteration of medusa and polyp generations
- polyp: sessile with tubular bodies
- medusa: pelagic with bell-shaped body

Apomorphies: radial symmetry, stinging sructures used to catch food and protection

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10
Q

Hydrozoa

A

Type of cnidaria

Apomorphies: alteraiton of generations occurs but one may be lacking, usually more conspicuous polyp

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11
Q

Scyphozoa

A

True jellyfish

Apomorphies: polyp stage usually reduced/absent and medusa dominant

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12
Q

Anthozoa

A

Sea anemones, sea pens, corals

Apomorphies: lack medusa stage, large calcium carbonate structures, symbiotic with zooxanthellae, sensitive to environmental change (coral bleaching – expel zooxanthellae and starve)

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13
Q

Ctenophora

A

Comb jellies

Apomorphies: radial symmetry, complete guts with mouth/anus, determinate cleavage

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14
Q

Determinate cleavage

A

Fate of cells after early 4 celled stage determined/specialized.

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15
Q

Bilateria

A

Animal lineages beyond porifer, cnidaria, ctenophora

Apomorphies: bilateral symmetry, cephalization, cerebral ganglion, triploblastic, radial cleavage in early development

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16
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Symmetry along the dorsal/ventral and posterior/anterior axes.

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17
Q

Cephalization

A

Formation of head region

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18
Q

Triploblastic

A

3 embryonic germ layers:
1) outer ectoderm
2) inner endoderm
3) middle mesoderm

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19
Q

Protostomia

A

Type of Bilateria

Apomorphies: ventral nervous system, body types: acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate

20
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

Type of protostomia

Apomorphies: spiral cleavage, trochophore larvae

21
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Type of lophotrochozoa

Apomorphies: flattened body, incomplete gut, no specialized circulatory/respritory systems, longitudinal and circular muscules

22
Q

Rotifera

A

Type of lophotochozoa

Apomorphies: complete gut with mouth/anus, fluid filled cavity that functions as hydrostatic organs

23
Q

Ectoprocta

A

Type of lophotrochozoa

Apomorphies: region around mouth with ciliated tenctacles for catching food/gas exchange, form complex colonies, common fouling organisms

24
Q

Mollusca

A

Apomorphies: radula, calcareous spicules, muscular foot, mantle

25
Q

Radula

A

Toothed tongue in mouth used as food scraper

25
Q

Mantle

A

Outer dorsal body wall, specialized epidermal cells that secrete the shell

26
Q

Shells

A

Calcareous spicule laid down and covered by periostracum, huge diversity, correlated with behaviors/habits

27
Q

Muscular foot

A

Often flattened, ciliated sole with gland that produces mucus trail, move via contractions along foot

Tentacles and arms = modified foot

28
Q

Mantle cavity

A

Between mantle and foot, houses gills and receives waste and reproduce materials, circulates water

29
Q

Visceral mass

A

Large differentiated central tissues with organs

30
Q

Mollusk diversity

A

Chitons, gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves.

31
Q

Chitons

A

Earliest mollusks.

Apomorphies: 7-8 overlapping shell plates, mantle fused to shell plates, adhere strongly to surfaces

32
Q

Gastropods

A

Slugs, snails

Apomorphies: freshwater/terrestrial/marine, well developed head, coiled shell, torsion

33
Q

Gastropods

A

Well-developed head, sensory structures with eyes/tentacles/statocysts

34
Q

Torsion

A

Happens during gastropod growth, rotation of visceral organs and mantle

35
Q

Opisthobranchia

A

Gills behind their heart, not monophyletic

36
Q

Nudibranch

A

Lost their shells, eolid (eat cnidarians) or dorid (eat sponges), brilliant coloration as warning sign to predators

37
Q

Cephalopods

A

Nautilus, octopus, squid, cuttlefish, etc.

Apomorphies: well developed head, coild shell, siphuncle, spetate shell, beak-like jaws, tentacles, siphon, extensive ganglia (brain), ink sac

38
Q

Siphuncle

A

Tube that extends from visceral mass into shell chambers, secretes gas for buoyancy regulation.

39
Q

Septate shell

A

Shell with compartments seperated by septa

40
Q

Siphon

A

For propulsion, reproduction, spreads ink

41
Q

Extensive ganglia

A

Forms brain, very smart

42
Q

Bivalvia

A

Clams, oysters, mussles, scallops, etc.

Apomorphies: shell with 2 plates/valves, gilled for filter feeding, no radula

43
Q

Annelids

A

Segmented worms

Apomorphies: segmentation, head with protomium and perisomium, setae bundles

44
Q

Polychaetes

A

Paraphyletic, mostly marine, free-living and tube building, parapodia, elaborate head

45
Q

Lumbricidae

A

Earthworms

Apomorphies: hermaphroditism (male/female repro. organs), clitellum reproduction, mostly terrestial

46
Q

Hirudinea

A

Leeches and other worms

Apomorphies: fresh/salt water, posterior body sucks, subdivision of body segments, interal clitellium, hermaphroditism

Bio Lab (7 decks)

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