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Bio Lab > Practicle #5 > Flashcards

Practicle #5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

Group of prostome animals.

Apomorphies: cuticular integument, open circulatory system, chitinous cuticle, jointed appendages for locomotion, chitinous exoskeleton, compound eyes

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2
Q

Cuticular Integuments

A

Protect against injury/physiological stress

Ecdysis: process by which animal sheds cuticle in order to grow

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3
Q

Nematoda

A

Roundworms

Culticle made of collagen, move by contracting longitudinal muscles

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4
Q

Tardigrada and Onychophora

A

Sister taxa

Open circulatory system, appendages for locomotion, chitinous cuticle

Tardigrada: semi-aquatic, extremophiles, cryptobiosis (able to go into dormancy for long time)

Onychophora: velvet worms, found in leafy habitats

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5
Q

Arthropoda

A

Likely 5 million species, compound eyes, jointed appendages, chitinous exoskeleton

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6
Q

Compound eyes

A

Made of thousands of repeating units called ommatidia, detect movement, large field of view

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7
Q

Jointed appendages

A

Allow to have a strong exoskeleton withough reducing movement.

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8
Q

Chitinous exoskeleton

A

Provides protection, significant variation

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9
Q

Crustacea

A

Marine invertabretes

Nauplius larvae, stalked compound eyes, 2 pairs of antennae, body has cephalon (head) and trunk (abdomen and thorax), breathe through gills

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10
Q

Hexapoda

A

Insects

Wings for flight, loss of abdominal appendages, 3-segmented thorax, labium mouth part, varied development strategies/growth phases

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11
Q

Hemimetabolous

A

Incomplete metamorphosis (3 stages)

egg –> nymph –> adult
ex. cockroaches, grasshoppers

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12
Q

Holometabolous

A

Complete metamorphosis (4 stages)

egg –> larvae –> pupa –> adult
ex. butterlies, wasps, beetles

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13
Q

Myriapoda

A

Centipedes and millipedes

Both: loss of compound eyes
Centipedes: venomous fanges
Millipedes: 2 body sections fused together

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14
Q

Chelicerata

A

Sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, arachnids

Body has 2 units (cephalothorax and abdomen), appendages used for walking are reduced in number, one set of appendages modifies into chelicera

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15
Q

Cephalothorax

A

In chelicerata

Head and thorax fused together, where the eyes and mouth and legs are

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16
Q

Abdomen

A

Where digestions, reproduction, respiration, and excretion occur

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17
Q

Chelicerae

A

First set of legs in chelicerata, above the mouth, used as fangs or for grasping

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18
Q

Arachnida

A

Spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks

  • Spiders have one set of legs for silk production
  • scorpions have stinger

4 pairs of walking appendages, book lungs or trachea for breathing

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19
Q

Pycnogonia

A

Sea spiders

Organs found in their legs

20
Q

Merostomata

A

Horseshoe crabs

Long telson, book gills for locomotion and gas exchange

21
Q

Deuterostomia

A

Complete gut, dorsal hollow nerve cord, ciliated bars and slits, notochord, post-anal tail, endostyle

22
Q

Echinodermata

A

Monophyletic, marine, oral and aboral surfaces, complete gut, pentaradial symmetry, calcareous exokeleton, open ambulacral grooves, water vascular system

23
Q

Pentaradial symmetry

A

5 parts around central axis, laraval stage is bilateral, non-centralized nervous system

24
Q

Calcareous endoskeletal plates

A

Also called ossicles, hard plates the cover the body, often form a “test”, can have bumps called tubercles and moveable spines, can produce pedicellariae

25
Q

Pedicellariae

A

Pincers used to grab and remove debris

26
Q

Ambulacral grooves

A

5 grooves which tube feet are aligned on
- closed on urchins and cucumbers
- open on sea stars

27
Q

Water vascular system

A

Series of canals and tube feet filled with water, comes in through the madreporite (skeletal plate) which acts like a water regulating valve

28
Q

Madreoprite

A

Skeletal plate, acts like a water regulating valve

29
Q

Crinoidea

A

Basal lineage of echinodermata

Sessile or mobile, arms with ciliated grooves for suspension feeding, loss of external maderporite

30
Q

Asteroidea

A

Sea stars

5+ arms connected to central disk, madreporite on aboral side, feed by inverting their stomatches and secreting digestive fluids

31
Q

Ophiurodiea

A

Brittle stars and basket stars

Usually live deep, tube feet without suckers, madreporite on oral side, highly articulated arms with vertebral plates

31
Q

Echinoidea and Holothuroidea

A

Sister taxa to echinodermata

Abulacral groove running from oral to aboral pores

32
Q

Echinoidea

A

Sea urchins and sand dollars

Fusion of skeletal plates, moveable spines

33
Q

Holothuroidea

A

Sea cumcumbers

10-30 retractable oral tentacles around mouth, elongate on oral/aboral asix, endoskeleton reduced, internal madreporite

34
Q

Hemichordata

A

Acorn worms

Unique proboscis, excretes waste, digestive tract between mouth and esophagus (pharynx), perforated opening leads from pharyns to outside (pharyngeal bars/slits)

35
Q

Chordata

A

Pharyngeal bars/slits, notochord, post-anal tail, endostyle, dorsal nerve cord

36
Q

Pharyngeal bars/slits

A

Repeated opening goes into pharynx, water goes in mouth and out slits, later becomes gills in fish

37
Q

Notochord

A

Rod like structure extenting the length of the body, provides axis for muscle attachment, allows for undulaing movement, reduced in tunicates

38
Q

Post-anal tail

A

Helps with swimming

39
Q

Endostyle

A

Thickened ciliated groove on pharynx, moves food to gut

40
Q

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

Developed into brain and spine

41
Q

Cephalochordata

A

Lancelets.

Live in shallow sand, filter feeds, burrow with posterior end, segmented bodies, large digestive cecum, cuccal apparatus

42
Q

Urochordata

A

Tunicates and salps

Sessile or free-living, incurrent and excurrent siphon, enlarges pharynx

43
Q

Keystone species

A

Species with a disproportionate impact compared to its abundance.

ex. Sea stars are vicious predators –> feed on muscles which are a competitor for space –> by eating muscles, there is more space for other animals to thrive –> increase biodiversity

44
Q

Trophic cascade

A

When changes in the abundance of one species have dramatic effects on the rest of the ecosystem.

ex. Sea otters keep urchins in check –> less urchins = more biodivdersity –> orcas feed on sea otters –> without otters, urchins grow out of control –> decreased biodiversity

Bio Lab (7 decks)

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