Practical #1 Flashcards
Taxonomy
Identifying organisms using description, identification, nomenclature, classification.
Phylogenetic
Classification based on evolutionary history or pattern of descent.
Phenetic
Grouping by characteristics or morphologies that are similar.
Cladogram
Shows lineage, speciation, common ancestors, and apomorphies.
like a family tree
Apomorphy
New or derived state.
Synapomorphy
Derived feature that unites two or more lineages.
Autapomorphy
Derived feature that occurs within a single lineage.
Convergent apomorphies
Derived features that evolved independetly of each other but are stikingly similar or functionally the same.
Reversal apomorphies
Loss of derived features that re-establish an ancestral feature.
ex. snakes lost their legs
Homology
Similarity resulting from common ancestry.
Homoplasy
Similarity not due to common ancestry.
Monophyletic (clade)
Group that consists of a common ancestor and all decendants of that ancestor.
Polyphyletic
Group that consists of taxa whose common ancestor is not a member of that group.
Paraphyletic
Group that includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, known decendants.
3 domains of life
Bacteria, archaea, eukarya
Bacteria and Archaea
DO HAVE: unicellurlar, cell wall, plasma membrane, curcular DNA, ribosomes, reproduce by fission
DO NOT HAVE: nuclei and membrane-bound organelles, cytoskeletal elements, contractile elements
Morphological shapes
Cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), spirilla (spiral)
Heterotophism
Require pre-existing organic compound from the environment as their carbon (food).
Autotrophs
Capable of manufacturing their own high-energy organic compounds from CO2 in the atmosphere.
Flagella
Motile organelle containing tubulin.
Pellicle
Extra layer of protein under cell membrane (no cell wall).
Eyespot (stigma)
Used to orient relative light source.
Alveolates
Defined by an apomorphy of abutting sacs or alveoli beneath call membrane.
Ciliate
Unicellular, meterotrophic, move with cilia, consume food with food vacuole.
Dinoflagellates
Two flagella of different lengths, mainly planktonic, causes red tides and bioluminescence.
