Practical #1

Question 1

Taxonomy

Answer 1

Identifying organisms using description, identification, nomenclature, classification.

Question 2

Phylogenetic

Answer 2

Classification based on evolutionary history or pattern of descent.

Question 3

Phenetic

Answer 3

Grouping by characteristics or morphologies that are similar.

Question 4

Cladogram

Answer 4

Shows lineage, speciation, common ancestors, and apomorphies.

like a family tree

Question 5

Apomorphy

Answer 5

New or derived state.

Question 6

Synapomorphy

Answer 6

Derived feature that unites two or more lineages.

Question 7

Autapomorphy

Answer 7

Derived feature that occurs within a single lineage.

Question 8

Convergent apomorphies

Answer 8

Derived features that evolved independetly of each other but are stikingly similar or functionally the same.

Question 9

Reversal apomorphies

Answer 9

Loss of derived features that re-establish an ancestral feature.

ex. snakes lost their legs

Question 10

Homology

Answer 10

Similarity resulting from common ancestry.

Question 11

Homoplasy

Answer 11

Similarity not due to common ancestry.

Question 12

Monophyletic (clade)

Answer 12

Group that consists of a common ancestor and all decendants of that ancestor.

Question 13

Polyphyletic

Answer 13

Group that consists of taxa whose common ancestor is not a member of that group.

Question 14

Paraphyletic

Answer 14

Group that includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, known decendants.

Question 15

3 domains of life

Answer 15

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Question 16

Bacteria and Archaea

Answer 16

DO HAVE: unicellurlar, cell wall, plasma membrane, curcular DNA, ribosomes, reproduce by fission
DO NOT HAVE: nuclei and membrane-bound organelles, cytoskeletal elements, contractile elements

Question 17

Morphological shapes

Answer 17

Cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), spirilla (spiral)

Question 18

Heterotophism

Answer 18

Require pre-existing organic compound from the environment as their carbon (food).

Question 19

Autotrophs

Answer 19

Capable of manufacturing their own high-energy organic compounds from CO2 in the atmosphere.

Question 20

Flagella

Answer 20

Motile organelle containing tubulin.

Question 21

Pellicle

Answer 21

Extra layer of protein under cell membrane (no cell wall).

Question 22

Eyespot (stigma)

Answer 22

Used to orient relative light source.

Question 23

Alveolates

Answer 23

Defined by an apomorphy of abutting sacs or alveoli beneath call membrane.

Question 24

Ciliate

Answer 24

Unicellular, meterotrophic, move with cilia, consume food with food vacuole.

Question 25

Dinoflagellates

Answer 25

Two flagella of different lengths, mainly planktonic, causes red tides and bioluminescence.