Practicle #3 Flashcards
Tracheophyta
Vascular plants.
Apomorphies:
- indepdendent dominant sporophyte
- vascular tissues (xylem/phloem)
- roots
- shoot system
Lycopodiophyta
Club mosses and spike mosses.
- first decendants of vascular plants
- sporangium splits open
- free-living sporophyte
- ancient lycophytes (Carboniferous period): woody trees
Equisetophytes
Horsetails and scouring-rushes
- monophyletic
- 2 main apomorphies: stems with ridges, whorled microphylls
- epidermal cells have silica
- equistetum is the only reaming genus of equisetophytes
Parts of equisetophytes
Top cone: strobilus
Cone components: sporangiophores
Dot of sporangiophores: spores
Ophioglossidae
Whist ferns
- stems branch dichotomously
- synangium (3-lobed sporangia) occur is mature shoots
- no roots
- stems have symbiotic relationship with fungi
Polypodiidae
Leptosporangiate ferns
- commonly known ferns
- have magaphylls (leaves/fronds)
- young fern leaves: fiddleheads
- have Leptosporangium (sori: cluster of Leptosporangium)
- haploid gametophyte phase produces antheridia and archeogonia
Spermatophyte
Seed plants
- have eustele: stem with vascular tissues
- vasucal cambium: cylinder of cells that develops as layer between xylem and phloem
- seed: ovule, seed, embryo
Ovule
Immature unfertilized seed.
Seed
Embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue.
Embryo
Zygote that grows by mitotic division.
Gymnospermae
Pinophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkgophyta, Cycadophyta
Apomorphies:
- eustele, vascular cambium, seeds
Cycads
Apomorphies:
- leathery, pinnatley compound leaves
- male or female – dioecious
- most bear cones – strobili
- males produce pollen, females produce ovules
Ginkgo
Apomorphies:
- fan shaped leaves
- dioecious like cycads
- females smell awful
only one kind: ginkgo biloba
Conifer
Apomorphies:
- highly branched trees or shrubs
- simple, linear, needle leaves
- produce male cones and female cones
- male cones produce pollen grains, female cones have bracts and ovuliferous scales
- dominant in high elevations
Gnetales
Apomorphies
- stirate pollen and vessels with porose plates
only 3 kinds: ephedra, gnetum, welwitchia
Angiosperms
Flowering plants
Flower anatomy
- Flower: modified shoot system
- One or more stamen (male) and carpel (female)
- Perianth = Calyx (sepals/leaves) + Corolla (petals)
- Receptacle connects flower to pedicel (stem)
Stamen
Male reproductive organ of flower, contains filament and anther which produce pollen
Carpel
- female reproductive sporophyll bearing ovules
- structures as pistils with ovary, style, and stigma
- important in fruit development
Fruit
A mature ovary, seeds and accessory tissue, pericarp (ovary wall) may be highly modified.
3 main fruit categories
Fleshy, dry, aggregate
Female gametophyte
- also called the “embryo sac”
- seven celled, eight-nucleate structure
- three antipodal cells, one central cell, two synergid cells, one egg cell
Monocot characteristics
Embryos, parallel leaf venation, scattered vascular tissue, root system, pollen grain with 1 opening, floral organs in multiples of 3
Eudiocot characteristics
Two cotyledones, netlike veins in leaves, vascular tissue arranged in ring, taproot, pollen grain with 3 openings, floral organs in multiple of 4/5
Root modification
- Radicle: first root to develop –> becomes primary root
- secondary roots: roots arising from other roots
- taproot: dominant primary root
- adventitious roots: roots from non-root organs
- fibrous root system: withered primary root with subsequent adventitious roots
Stem and shoot modification
- Bulb: shoot with some stem/roots, mojority felshy storage leaves
- Corm: shoot with lots of stem tissues and small leaves
- Rhizome: horizontal stems underground with scaly leaves
- cladode: flattened photosynthetic stem
- thord: sharp pointed stem/shoot
- spine: sharp pointed leaf
- prickle: sharp epidermal structure found on the plant
Leaf modification
- veins: netlike, parallel
- shapes: hand shaped, spear shapes, heart shaped, round, needle
- edges: smooth, toothes, lobed
- arrangment on stem: alternate, opposite, whorled
- more… bud scales, spines, tendrils, pitcher/trap leaves
Flower modification
in response to different methods of pollination
- purple/yellow: attract insects
- white and smelly: attract moths
- brown/purple and smelly: attract flies
- large and red: attract birds
