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Bio Lab > Practicle #3 > Flashcards

Practicle #3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tracheophyta

A

Vascular plants.

Apomorphies:
- indepdendent dominant sporophyte
- vascular tissues (xylem/phloem)
- roots
- shoot system

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2
Q

Lycopodiophyta

A

Club mosses and spike mosses.

  • first decendants of vascular plants
  • sporangium splits open
  • free-living sporophyte
  • ancient lycophytes (Carboniferous period): woody trees
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3
Q

Equisetophytes

A

Horsetails and scouring-rushes

  • monophyletic
  • 2 main apomorphies: stems with ridges, whorled microphylls
  • epidermal cells have silica
  • equistetum is the only reaming genus of equisetophytes
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4
Q

Parts of equisetophytes

A

Top cone: strobilus
Cone components: sporangiophores
Dot of sporangiophores: spores

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5
Q

Ophioglossidae

A

Whist ferns

  • stems branch dichotomously
  • synangium (3-lobed sporangia) occur is mature shoots
  • no roots
  • stems have symbiotic relationship with fungi
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6
Q

Polypodiidae

A

Leptosporangiate ferns

  • commonly known ferns
  • have magaphylls (leaves/fronds)
  • young fern leaves: fiddleheads
  • have Leptosporangium (sori: cluster of Leptosporangium)
  • haploid gametophyte phase produces antheridia and archeogonia
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7
Q

Spermatophyte

A

Seed plants

  • have eustele: stem with vascular tissues
  • vasucal cambium: cylinder of cells that develops as layer between xylem and phloem
  • seed: ovule, seed, embryo
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8
Q

Ovule

A

Immature unfertilized seed.

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9
Q

Seed

A

Embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue.

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10
Q

Embryo

A

Zygote that grows by mitotic division.

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11
Q

Gymnospermae

A

Pinophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkgophyta, Cycadophyta

Apomorphies:
- eustele, vascular cambium, seeds

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12
Q

Cycads

A

Apomorphies:
- leathery, pinnatley compound leaves
- male or female – dioecious
- most bear cones – strobili
- males produce pollen, females produce ovules

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13
Q

Ginkgo

A

Apomorphies:
- fan shaped leaves
- dioecious like cycads
- females smell awful

only one kind: ginkgo biloba

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14
Q

Conifer

A

Apomorphies:
- highly branched trees or shrubs
- simple, linear, needle leaves
- produce male cones and female cones
- male cones produce pollen grains, female cones have bracts and ovuliferous scales
- dominant in high elevations

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15
Q

Gnetales

A

Apomorphies
- stirate pollen and vessels with porose plates

only 3 kinds: ephedra, gnetum, welwitchia

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16
Q

Angiosperms

A

Flowering plants

17
Q

Flower anatomy

A
  • Flower: modified shoot system
  • One or more stamen (male) and carpel (female)
  • Perianth = Calyx (sepals/leaves) + Corolla (petals)
  • Receptacle connects flower to pedicel (stem)
18
Q

Stamen

A

Male reproductive organ of flower, contains filament and anther which produce pollen

19
Q

Carpel

A
  • female reproductive sporophyll bearing ovules
  • structures as pistils with ovary, style, and stigma
  • important in fruit development
20
Q

Fruit

A

A mature ovary, seeds and accessory tissue, pericarp (ovary wall) may be highly modified.

21
Q

3 main fruit categories

A

Fleshy, dry, aggregate

22
Q

Female gametophyte

A
  • also called the “embryo sac”
  • seven celled, eight-nucleate structure
  • three antipodal cells, one central cell, two synergid cells, one egg cell
23
Q

Monocot characteristics

A

Embryos, parallel leaf venation, scattered vascular tissue, root system, pollen grain with 1 opening, floral organs in multiples of 3

24
Q

Eudiocot characteristics

A

Two cotyledones, netlike veins in leaves, vascular tissue arranged in ring, taproot, pollen grain with 3 openings, floral organs in multiple of 4/5

25
Q

Root modification

A
  • Radicle: first root to develop –> becomes primary root
  • secondary roots: roots arising from other roots
  • taproot: dominant primary root
  • adventitious roots: roots from non-root organs
  • fibrous root system: withered primary root with subsequent adventitious roots
26
Q

Stem and shoot modification

A
  • Bulb: shoot with some stem/roots, mojority felshy storage leaves
  • Corm: shoot with lots of stem tissues and small leaves
  • Rhizome: horizontal stems underground with scaly leaves
  • cladode: flattened photosynthetic stem
  • thord: sharp pointed stem/shoot
  • spine: sharp pointed leaf
  • prickle: sharp epidermal structure found on the plant
27
Q

Leaf modification

A
  • veins: netlike, parallel
  • shapes: hand shaped, spear shapes, heart shaped, round, needle
  • edges: smooth, toothes, lobed
  • arrangment on stem: alternate, opposite, whorled
  • more… bud scales, spines, tendrils, pitcher/trap leaves
28
Q

Flower modification

A

in response to different methods of pollination

  • purple/yellow: attract insects
  • white and smelly: attract moths
  • brown/purple and smelly: attract flies
  • large and red: attract birds

Bio Lab (7 decks)

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