Practicing Broad and Narrow Transcription

Question 1

Sound Changes SODA

Answer 1

Substitution - replacement of one phoneme for another

Omissions - deletion of sound from target word

Distortions - variation of phonemes not seen in dialect

Additions - adding a sound in where it is not normally heard

Question 2

Stop Sound Changes

Answer 2

Stops

• complete closure of the vocal tract so that airflow ceases temporarily and air pressure builds up behind the point of closure

Cognate Pairs

/p, b/ /t,d/ /k,g/

Question 3

Allophonic Variations

Answer 3

/t/ is commonly aspirated in word initial position (e.g. two)

/t/ is unaspirated in an /s/ cluster (e.g. stop)

/t/ is unreleased in word final position (e.g. hat)

/t/ is dentalized before an interdental phoneme (e.g. Eighth)

• Flap and glottal stop are common allophones of /t, d/

Question 4

Flap

Answer 4

Flap used in place of the /t/ when it occurs between a preceding stressed vowel and a following unstressed vowel (e.g. letter)

[lɛ ɾ ɚ]

or between words (e.g. quit it)

[k w ɪ ɾ ɪ t]

Question 5

Glottal Stop

Answer 5

Sometimes occurs as an allophonic variation of /t/ before nasals (e.g. kitten)

[k ɪ ʔ n̩] syllabic n

used in certain dialects before a syllabic liquid (e.g. bottle)

[b ɑ ʔ l̩]

Question 6

Stop misarticulations

Answer 6

1. Stop substitutions
2. Voicing of voiceless stops
3. devoicing of voiced stops
4. glottal stop substitutions
5. stop deletions
6. frictionalized stops

Question 7

Stop Substitutions

Answer 7

Most commonly replaced by another stop (place of articulation)

Rare to see a stop replaced with a liquid, glide, or fricative

/p/ and /b/ are the most stable

Fronting - substituting a more “front” sound for a more “back” sound

e.g. a /t/ for a /k/ or a /d/ for a /g/
Tat for cat

Backing - substituting a more “back” sound for a more “front” sound is less common

e.g. a /k/ for a /t/ or a /g/ for a /d/
gag for dad

Question 8

Voicing of voiceless stops

Answer 8

Most common word initial changes are to either voice a voiceless stop or to partially voice a voiceless stop (e.g. two is changed to do)

Perceptual differences could be due related to voice onset time (timing differences of only 10-30 milliseconds)

Children exhibit substantial variability in voicing and therefore in preschoolers they cannot be considered “errors” all the time

There are diacritics for partial voicing

Question 9

Devoicing of Voiced stops

Answer 9

Final stops go from a voiced stop to a voiceless stop

e.g. dog is produced as dok

partial devoicing can occur as well and you can use a diacritic (instead of the substitution phoneme)

Question 9

glottal stop substitutions

Answer 9

Glottal stop - quick closing and forceful opening of the vocal folds

In the prevocalic position, the glottal stop can be identified by the abrupt onset of the vowel

In the postvocalic position, the glottal stop is identified by the abrupt offset

In children with delayed speech, the glottal stop is used in the final position of words (substitution for final consonants)

children with a repaired cleft lip/palate may use glottal stops in all positions of words (i.e. difficulty with air pressure)

Question 10

Stop deletions

Answer 10

Can occur in children with normal and delayed speech

e.g. final consonant deletion

Stops can be difficult to perceive in the medial position of some words b/c the stop is unreleased (e.g. cupcake)

sometimes it is difficult to perceive if the stop was deleted. When this happens, PUT A BOX AROUND IT

Question 11

Frictionalized Stops

Answer 11

Considered a type of distortion

Do not have a crisp release

Sound like something between a stop and a fricative

For children with delayed speech, a frictionalized stop may be the first step to developing an entirely new class of sounds - fricatives

For those with motor speech disorders, the frictionalized stop may indicate difficulties with timing or other aspects of motor control because stops require a rapid release

Question 12

Transcription of nasal changes

Answer 12

Nasals allow for some degree of articulatory imprecision

Usually acquired early

Nasality issues are not frequent

It can be difficult to tell if the nasal was produced due to assimilative nasality (the vowel is nasalized even when the consonant is deleted)

Question 13

Denasalized and devoiced nasals

Answer 13

Denasalized - nasals produced as stops (e.g. /b/ for /m/; /d/ for /n/)

Devoiced nasals - occurs when children to not produce the /s/ in the blend. they will often mark the /s/ using nasal emission