Diacritics Flashcards
Narrow Phonetic Transcription
Includes symbols both to represent the phonemes produced and to describe the slight variations in the production of the those sounds
Narrow transcription includes the diverse allophonic variations, minor deviations, and distortions
Broad Transcription
Use of just the symbols to represent phonemes
Diacritics
Phonetic marks used in transcription to indicate the changes in production of segmental features (i.e. stress, phrasing, intonation); modifying speech sounds (i.e. fronting/backing, nasalizing, rounding/unrounding, using syllabic consonants, distorting production, using other phonemic variations)
enclose your transcription in brackets [ ]
Nasalization
Nasalized sound if produced with nasal resonance (velopharyngeal port is open; VPI or velopharyngeal incompetence)
Typical nasalization occurs in vowels that are either before or after the nasal consonants
Ex. Man vs. Bad
Diacritic for hyper nasality is used when nasalization occurs where it is not expected. Only occurs in voiced sounds.
You may describe this as “someone talking through their nose”
Nasalized ～ soup [su～p]
Denasalization
AKA HYPOnasality is when there is no nasality where it is expected to occur
Denasalization I heard in speakers who do not open the velopharyngeal port (have a cold)
mama [m≁ am ≁ə]
Denasalization (HYPO) main cause
Caused by the VP port staying closed for nasal sounds
- denasal /m/ sounds much like /b/
- denasal /n/ sounds much like /d/
- denasal /ŋ/ sounds much like /g/
If you hear a definite /b, d, g/ used for nasal sounds, and no indication of denasality, then you have a SUBSTITUTION issue, NOT a distortion issue, and you would transcribe the words with the appropriate substituted phonemes (broad transcription)
Anyone with a disorder that would cause the VP port to not open or prevent air from going through the nasal cavity are?
Individuals with paralysis of the velum or CP may exhibit hyponasality
Also heard individuals with nasal congestion, deviated septum, enlarged adenoids
Nasal Emission
Inappropriate Emission of air through the nose
- usually occurs with VOICELESS sounds, especially those that require pressure build-up (i.e. intra-oral air pressure): Stops, fricatives, affricates
- the nostrils flare during nasal emission
- cleft-palate often associated with nasal emission
Dentalized
The tongue is either touching the teeth or is between the teeth on the phonemes that are not typically produced at this point of articulation
Dentalization often occurs on the alveolar phonemes /t d n s z l/ because of their proximity to the teeth
This can happen naturally in speech due to the efficient nature of speaking (coarticulation), such as when the alveolar consonants are close to the lingua-dental sounds
ninth [naɪn ̪ θ]
Diacritic symbol and dentalization
When you use diacritic to indicate dentalization, you are indicating that there is an allophonic variation of this sound - specifically PLACE of articulation or possibly change in auditory perception of this sound
If sound is clearly identifiable phoneme, then this is a SUBSTITUTION error, should be transcribed as such, and DOES NOT require a diacritic
e.g. sun /θʌn/
If you do not recognize a clear, identifiable phoneme, then transcribe what sound is it closest to, and determine how the sound was changed
e.g. /s/ may sound like an /s/ acoustically, but produced between teeth (visually incorrect). Then you use diacritic to indicate the allophonic variation
sun [s ̪ ʌ n]
Lateralized
e.g. [s̯]
DISTORTION error in MANNER of production
When lateralized, air stream is directed over the sides of the tongue rather than centrally where the air stream should go
person’s speech sounds “wet” or “slushy”, like the cartoon character Sylvester the Cat
Occurs on the stridents /s z ʃ ʒ ʧ ʤ/
Derhoticized
Consonant /r/ or /ɚ/, /ɝ/ that lacks “r-ness”
Looks like a smiling mouth that goes under the phoneme
red [r smiling mouth underneath ɛ d]
Rhotacized (retroflexion)
R coloring
backward or turning of the tongue tip
e.g. choice [ ʧ ɔɪ s upside down r under s]
Glottalized (creaky voice)
Irregular vocal quality reflecting aperiodicity in the laryngeal vibration pattern
Low volume in the lungs
End of a sentence
Can be seen with individuals with vocal nodule
Glottal fry
dot under vowel
box [b ɑ̣ k s]
Breathy
Air escaping through the larynx during phonation and vocal folds to not completely adduct during the vibratory cycle
/h/ - like noise that combines with the vocal signal
vocal fold paralysis
2 dots under vowel
e.g. playing [p l eɪ̤ ɪ ŋ]
