Module 2 - Anatomy Flashcards
3 major functional systems of speech
Respiratory (respiration)
Laryngeal (phonation)
Supralaryngeal (or pharyngeal-oral-nasal) - (articulation + resonation)
Description of each system
Respiratory - power for speech
Laryngeal - phonation
Supralaryngeal - articulation and resonation
Speech is an overlay function, meaning?
It is secondary to the life sustaining function of each of these systems
Speech/Articulation Facts
controlled action of over 100 muscles in chest, abdomen, neck, and head
conversational rates of up to 6-9 syllables per second (faster than texting or typing)
relies on more muscle fibers than any other human mechanical activity
Components of respiratory system
lungs, muscles of the chest, trachea (windpipe)
ribcage
abdomen
associated muscles
Power for Speech - acts as the pump the provide the movement of the air needed
What are the primary and secondary functions of the respiratory system?
Primary function - supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body
Secondary - provide the power for speech
Egressive Sounds
sounds produced with flow of air that moves outward from the lungs through the mouth or nose
All sounds in the English language are Egressive
Ingressive sounds
Require inward movement of air e.g. tongue clicks
Other languages contain ingressive sounds
Diaphragm
Most important muscle of respiration
Function of respiration?
Inspiration - air drawn into lungs
expiration - releases air into larynx
and supralaryngeal system for the purpose of generating speech
provides additional energy for louder volumes and lifting heavy objects
Respiration Explained
Pump- like action
diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the lungs and volume of the thoracic cavity expands
when diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs and volume of the thoracic cavity contracts
Respiration - Breath Group
Sequence of words or syllables produced on a single expiration
Distinctive for oral communication (speech)
Typically, we can speak for no more than 10 seconds on a single breath group
Normally, we interrupt inspiration at syntactically appropriate places (phrases, clause, sentence boundaries)
Breath group coincides with syntactic units
Larynx primary and secondary functions
To act as a valve; to keep foreign material (food, liquids) out of trachea and lungs
phonation - vibration of the vocal folds
Active articulators (these move)
Tongue, glottis, uvula, lower lip
Passive articulators (these do not move)
Palate, nasal cavity, velum, pharynx, lower teeth, upper teeth, alveolar ridge (consonants)
pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism
Air goes out of the lungs = production of speech sound (in English and most European languages and Indian languages, except Sindhi)
Phonatory or laryngeal System
Larynx = cartilage + muscles (act as a valve)
Vocal chords - lip-like structure inside laryx
Trachea - windpipe
Glottis
space between the vocal cords
used in the production of “h” sounds
sounds produce here don’t involve a supralaryngeal place of articulation - no constriction made above the vocal cords
Vocal cords or vocal folds
- Vocal Cords - wipe apart (voiceless sounds - no vibration)
- Vocal Cords - loosely held (voiced sounds - vibration)
- Vocal Cords - tightly held position - at time of eating or drinking to prevent any foreign body from entering
Voiceless sounds
9 consonant sounds
Voiced sounds
15 consonant sounds
Place of articulation
Where we make constrictions in the vocal tract when we produce consonant sounds
Bilabial Sounds
Constrictions made with both lips
/p/ and /b/ are bilabial sounds
Labiodental sound
Constriction made with upper teeth and lower lip
/f/ and /v/ are labiodental consonants
dental or interdental sounds
Constriction between teeth and tongue
Words lie theme and these begin with interdental sounds
Alveolar Ridge
Directly behind the upper teeth
How are alveolar sounds produced?
bringing the tip or blade of the tongue into contact with the alveolar ridge
popular place for sounds - /t/ and /d/
Palato-aveolar station
Behind the alveolar ridge, but in front of the hard palate
“ch” sounds like chip
Hard palate
hard bony dome in mouth
Palatal sounds made here
“yes” sound
Soft palate (velum)
Velar sounds
Velar Sounds
Consonants made with a constriction between the back of the tongue (the tongue dorsum) and the velum
“go” and “cool”
Articulatory Phonetics
How speech sounds are produced in the vocal tract
3 criteria for describing consonants in the correct order.
voicing
place of articulation
manner of articulation
e.g. /b/ sound is voiced, bilabial, stop
diff between consonants and vowels
consonants have a constriction in air flow; vowels do not
Voicing refers to
What the vocal folds are doing
voiceless sounds - air passing through open cords
voiced sounds - air through vibrating vocal folds
Stop sounds
results from a complete constriction of airflow followed by a release of that air
/t/, /p/, /k/ , /d/
fricative sound
sounds produced when the tongue approaches, but does not make contact with a place of articulation causing a bottleneck of airflow
/v/, /z/, shh
affricate
results from sequence of stop + fricative in rapid succession
Nasal
velum is lower allowing air to pass through the nasal cavity
mmm
liquid
air passing through one or both sides of the tongue
l sound, rr
glide sounds
produced with very little construction of airflow
referred to as semi-vowels
/w/ sound
tap sounds
Rapid flick of tongue at the alveolar ridge
“butter”
Breath group
Sequence of words or syllables produced on a single expiration
Fundamental frequency of the voice
Rate or vocal fold vibration (f0) - determined by size of vocal folds + muscle/tension
pitch is the acoustic correlate of fundamental frequency
Measured in hertz
Supralaryngeal system
Supra - above
Pharyngeal - oral - nasal system
Pharynx - muscular tube / throat
Oral cavity - mouth
Nasal cavity - nose
Oral radiation sound energy
When all of the sound energy travels through the oral cavity due to the raising of the velum (soft palette)
Epiglottis
Flap of cartilage in the throat that prevents food and drink from entering the throat
Nasal radiation of sound
Dependent on the opening and closing of the velum to permit sound in the nasal cavity
3 cartilages of the larynx
cricoid - bottom under thyroid cart
thyroid - large area of cart near middle
arytenoid
larynx system components
inside are vocal folds - cushions of muscle located inside the larynx; shorter in women than in men
inhalation - abduction
exhalation - adduction
Vocal folds characteristics
small cushions of muscles
males 3/4 inch
shorter in women and children
attach to the adam’s apple in front
What is the purpose of the velum
To direct air flow to the oral or nasal cavities
Velopharyngeal Port (oropharynx)
opening between oral and nasal cavities
Uvula
at the tip of the velum
Articulation
process of moving structures of the vocal tract so that they join together in different positions
What are the mobile articulators
velum (soft palate), jaw (change in position), tongue (change in shape, lips, pharyngeal walls
What is an articulator that does not change in shape or position?
hard palate
Jaw
Mandible
contributes to the movements of the tongue and lower lip
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Some protrusion and retraction
Tongue
muscular organ
support from jaw and hyoid bone
lengthens and narrows
flattens and expands width
classifies vowels by movement
Parts: Tip, blade, dorsum, root = body (large portion)
Lips
Open + close e.g. /p/, /b/
Round or retract e.g. /i/vs/u/
