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Clinical Phonetics > Module 2 - Anatomy > Flashcards

Module 2 - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

3 major functional systems of speech

A

Respiratory (respiration)
Laryngeal (phonation)
Supralaryngeal (or pharyngeal-oral-nasal) - (articulation + resonation)

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2
Q

Description of each system

A

Respiratory - power for speech

Laryngeal - phonation

Supralaryngeal - articulation and resonation

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3
Q

Speech is an overlay function, meaning?

A

It is secondary to the life sustaining function of each of these systems

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4
Q

Speech/Articulation Facts

A

controlled action of over 100 muscles in chest, abdomen, neck, and head

conversational rates of up to 6-9 syllables per second (faster than texting or typing)

relies on more muscle fibers than any other human mechanical activity

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5
Q

Components of respiratory system

A

lungs, muscles of the chest, trachea (windpipe)

ribcage
abdomen
associated muscles

Power for Speech - acts as the pump the provide the movement of the air needed

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6
Q

What are the primary and secondary functions of the respiratory system?

A

Primary function - supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body

Secondary - provide the power for speech

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7
Q

Egressive Sounds

A

sounds produced with flow of air that moves outward from the lungs through the mouth or nose

All sounds in the English language are Egressive

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8
Q

Ingressive sounds

A

Require inward movement of air e.g. tongue clicks

Other languages contain ingressive sounds

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9
Q

Diaphragm

A

Most important muscle of respiration

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10
Q

Function of respiration?

A

Inspiration - air drawn into lungs

expiration - releases air into larynx
and supralaryngeal system for the purpose of generating speech

provides additional energy for louder volumes and lifting heavy objects

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11
Q

Respiration Explained

A

Pump- like action

diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the lungs and volume of the thoracic cavity expands

when diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs and volume of the thoracic cavity contracts

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12
Q

Respiration - Breath Group

A

Sequence of words or syllables produced on a single expiration

Distinctive for oral communication (speech)

Typically, we can speak for no more than 10 seconds on a single breath group

Normally, we interrupt inspiration at syntactically appropriate places (phrases, clause, sentence boundaries)

Breath group coincides with syntactic units

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13
Q

Larynx primary and secondary functions

A

To act as a valve; to keep foreign material (food, liquids) out of trachea and lungs

phonation - vibration of the vocal folds

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14
Q

Active articulators (these move)

A

Tongue, glottis, uvula, lower lip

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15
Q

Passive articulators (these do not move)

A

Palate, nasal cavity, velum, pharynx, lower teeth, upper teeth, alveolar ridge (consonants)

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16
Q

pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism

A

Air goes out of the lungs = production of speech sound (in English and most European languages and Indian languages, except Sindhi)

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17
Q

Phonatory or laryngeal System

A

Larynx = cartilage + muscles (act as a valve)

Vocal chords - lip-like structure inside laryx

Trachea - windpipe

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18
Q

Glottis

A

space between the vocal cords

used in the production of “h” sounds

sounds produce here don’t involve a supralaryngeal place of articulation - no constriction made above the vocal cords

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19
Q

Vocal cords or vocal folds

A
  1. Vocal Cords - wipe apart (voiceless sounds - no vibration)
  2. Vocal Cords - loosely held (voiced sounds - vibration)
  3. Vocal Cords - tightly held position - at time of eating or drinking to prevent any foreign body from entering
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20
Q

Voiceless sounds

A

9 consonant sounds

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21
Q

Voiced sounds

A

15 consonant sounds

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22
Q

Place of articulation

A

Where we make constrictions in the vocal tract when we produce consonant sounds

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23
Q

Bilabial Sounds

A

Constrictions made with both lips
/p/ and /b/ are bilabial sounds

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24
Q

Labiodental sound

A

Constriction made with upper teeth and lower lip

/f/ and /v/ are labiodental consonants

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25
Q

dental or interdental sounds

A

Constriction between teeth and tongue

Words lie theme and these begin with interdental sounds

26
Q

Alveolar Ridge

A

Directly behind the upper teeth

27
Q

How are alveolar sounds produced?

A

bringing the tip or blade of the tongue into contact with the alveolar ridge

popular place for sounds - /t/ and /d/

28
Q

Palato-aveolar station

A

Behind the alveolar ridge, but in front of the hard palate

“ch” sounds like chip

29
Q

Hard palate

A

hard bony dome in mouth

Palatal sounds made here

“yes” sound

30
Q

Soft palate (velum)

A

Velar sounds

31
Q

Velar Sounds

A

Consonants made with a constriction between the back of the tongue (the tongue dorsum) and the velum

“go” and “cool”

32
Q

Articulatory Phonetics

A

How speech sounds are produced in the vocal tract

33
Q

3 criteria for describing consonants in the correct order.

A

voicing

place of articulation

manner of articulation

e.g. /b/ sound is voiced, bilabial, stop

34
Q

diff between consonants and vowels

A

consonants have a constriction in air flow; vowels do not

35
Q

Voicing refers to

A

What the vocal folds are doing

voiceless sounds - air passing through open cords

voiced sounds - air through vibrating vocal folds

36
Q

Stop sounds

A

results from a complete constriction of airflow followed by a release of that air

/t/, /p/, /k/ , /d/

37
Q

fricative sound

A

sounds produced when the tongue approaches, but does not make contact with a place of articulation causing a bottleneck of airflow

/v/, /z/, shh

38
Q

affricate

A

results from sequence of stop + fricative in rapid succession

39
Q

Nasal

A

velum is lower allowing air to pass through the nasal cavity

mmm

40
Q

liquid

A

air passing through one or both sides of the tongue

l sound, rr

41
Q

glide sounds

A

produced with very little construction of airflow

referred to as semi-vowels

/w/ sound

42
Q

tap sounds

A

Rapid flick of tongue at the alveolar ridge

“butter”

43
Q

Breath group

A

Sequence of words or syllables produced on a single expiration

44
Q

Fundamental frequency of the voice

A

Rate or vocal fold vibration (f0) - determined by size of vocal folds + muscle/tension

pitch is the acoustic correlate of fundamental frequency

Measured in hertz

45
Q

Supralaryngeal system

A

Supra - above

Pharyngeal - oral - nasal system

Pharynx - muscular tube / throat
Oral cavity - mouth
Nasal cavity - nose

46
Q

Oral radiation sound energy

A

When all of the sound energy travels through the oral cavity due to the raising of the velum (soft palette)

47
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap of cartilage in the throat that prevents food and drink from entering the throat

48
Q

Nasal radiation of sound

A

Dependent on the opening and closing of the velum to permit sound in the nasal cavity

49
Q

3 cartilages of the larynx

A

cricoid - bottom under thyroid cart
thyroid - large area of cart near middle
arytenoid

50
Q

larynx system components

A

inside are vocal folds - cushions of muscle located inside the larynx; shorter in women than in men

inhalation - abduction
exhalation - adduction

51
Q

Vocal folds characteristics

A

small cushions of muscles

males 3/4 inch

shorter in women and children

attach to the adam’s apple in front

52
Q

What is the purpose of the velum

A

To direct air flow to the oral or nasal cavities

53
Q

Velopharyngeal Port (oropharynx)

A

opening between oral and nasal cavities

54
Q

Uvula

A

at the tip of the velum

55
Q

Articulation

A

process of moving structures of the vocal tract so that they join together in different positions

56
Q

What are the mobile articulators

A

velum (soft palate), jaw (change in position), tongue (change in shape, lips, pharyngeal walls

57
Q

What is an articulator that does not change in shape or position?

A

hard palate

58
Q

Jaw

A

Mandible

contributes to the movements of the tongue and lower lip

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Some protrusion and retraction

59
Q

Tongue

A

muscular organ

support from jaw and hyoid bone

lengthens and narrows

flattens and expands width

classifies vowels by movement

Parts: Tip, blade, dorsum, root = body (large portion)

60
Q

Lips

A

Open + close e.g. /p/, /b/

Round or retract e.g. /i/vs/u/

Clinical Phonetics (3 decks)

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