Consonants

Question 1

Three dimensions to describe consonant phonemes

Answer 1

1. PLACE of articulation: the places where the airstream is constricted by the articulators; (WHERE a sound is formed)
2. MANNER of articulation: the ways the airstream is modified by the articulators; (HOW a sound is formed)
3. VOICING: tells whether or not the VOCAL FOLDS are VIBRATING when the sound is produced

Question 2

Straight forward symbols

Answer 2

used for the same sounds as the letters they represent in standard English orthography (grapheme)

/p/
/k/
/f/
/w/
/b/
/g/
/v/
/h/
/t/
/m/
/s/
/l/
/d/
/n/
/z/
/r/

Question 3

/θ/ - Greek “theta”

Answer 3

VOICELESS “th”

One of the two sounds usually represented by the orthographic “th”

Thick
Thud
Bath

Question 4

/ð/

Answer 4

VOICED “Th”

One of the two sounds usually represented bye orthographic “th”

these
mother
bathe
they
the

Question 5

/ʃ/

Answer 5

This sound is usually represented by orthographic “sh”; however, as you can see below there are other allographs (letter and letter combinations) that make this sound

show
machine
sugar
ocean
anxious
passion

Question 6

/ʒ/

Answer 6

Used infrequently

One of the last sounds learned by children

pleasure
rouge
lesion
television

Question 7

/ʧ/

Answer 7

This sound is usually represented by orthographic “ch”; although other graphemes can represent this sound as well

chop
which
cello
match

Question 8

/ʤ/

Answer 8

The “soft g” sound is usually spelled with orthographic j and sometimes g

judge
gym
age
gin
joke

Question 9

/ŋ/

Answer 9

sing
rank
tongue
long
uncle
think

Question 10

/j/

Answer 10

yes
yellow
yo-yo
yesterday
music
ice cubes

Question 11

Inverted “w”

Answer 11

Historically transcribed as /hw/

Disappearing from American English

Frication in production (as opposed to /w/ which has no frication)

twine
whey
why
when
whale

Question 12

Glottal Stop /

Answer 12

• Airstream cut off at the glottis (space between the vocal folds)
• Sometimes not included as part of English phonemes - it is a dialectical variation
• Heard in “uh uh”
• Could be produced when saying

“curtain”
“mountain”

• You can feel the constriction at the level of the glottis as you say the glottal stop in a word

Question 13

Flap

Answer 13

Intervocalic one-tap trill

Tongue contacts the alveolar ridge very briefly. Flap sounds like a /d/ of a very short duration

When said rapidly, the following types of words include the flap phoneme:

city
pretty
daughter
writer
puddle
modern
naughty
butter