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Clinical Phonetics > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Phonetics

A

The study of the production and perception of speech sounds

Using a system of symbols to that accurately and reliably represent the sounds of a language

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2
Q

Phonology

A

The sound system of the language: the structure and function of the sounds of a language

  1. group of specific sounds used in that language
  2. permissible variations of those sounds when produced
  3. particular rules for combining those sounds

consonants and vowels Make up a phonology system

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3
Q

Phonotactics

A

Phonological rules that dictate what positions in the syllable a phonetic segment is permitted to occupy and how the sounds can combine

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4
Q

Acoustic Phonetics

A

physical properties of sound (frequency, amplitude, duration)

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5
Q

Articulatory Phonetics

A

physiological or informational or descriptive - How and where sounds are produced in the dynamic vocal tract

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6
Q

perceptual phonetics

A

study of how we hear and interpret speech sounds

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7
Q

Informational domain

A

knowledge about speech sounds. first phoneme in above and final phoneme in sofa is the most frequently-occurrring speech sound in the English language

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8
Q

Perceptual Domain

A

How we perceive and discriminate productions of speech sounds

emphasizes listening (perceptual discrimination) of speech sounds and then describing using phonetic symbols (phonetic transcription)

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9
Q

Linguistic Complexity

A

divides speech into isolation, word, sentence, conversation or continuous speech

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10
Q

response complexity

A

one sound or multiple sounds

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11
Q

system complexity

A

phonetic transcription, two-way scoring, 5-way scoring

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12
Q

phonetic transcription

A

describing what the client says
more complex than the 2 or 5 way scoring
international phonetic alphabet
broad or narrow transcription

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13
Q

Consonants (closed sounds)

A

speech sounds produced as a results of air moving through the vocal tract encoountering constriction or obstruction

singleton - bat (consonants by themselves)
sequence - stops (consonants in a series - this is also called cluster example vs .across syllables “husband”)

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14
Q

Articulators

A

lips, front teeth, lower jaw, tongue, velum -obstruct or modify the outgoing breath stream to produce these types of sounds

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15
Q

vowels

A

speech sounds produced as a results of air moving through a relatively open vocal tract

nucleus of a syllable
most acoustic energy
referred to as the peak of the syllable egdgsfsd

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16
Q

syllable

A

unit of pronunciation consisting of a vowel sound alone or a vowel sound with the consonants that precede or follow it

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17
Q

prevocalic consonants (onset)

A

consonants that come before the vowel

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18
Q

postvocalic consonants (coda)

A

consonants that come after the vowel

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19
Q

Rime

A

= nucleus/peak (vowel) + coda

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20
Q

Phonogram

A

Written representation of the rime

E.G. “Ap” for map, tap, nap

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21
Q

Open syllables

A

Any syllable that ends with a vowel sound; no coda present

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22
Q

Closed syllable

A

Any syllable ending with a consonant sound - these have a coda

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23
Q

Simple syllables

A

Contain no consonants or only singleton consonants

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24
Q

Complex syllables

A

Contains at least one sequence

E.g. ask, spy, sprint

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25
Q

Phoneme

A

Smallest unit of sound that distinguishes words from each other.

When a speech sound (phone) is used to differentiate meaning in words, we call this a phoneme

26
Q

Allophone or allophonic variation

A

Variant pronunciations of a particular phoneme

27
Q

Phonotactic constraints

A

Allowable combinations of sounds in a particular language

28
Q

Coarticulation

A

Process that occurs as we produce sounds together in syllables, words, phrases, and sentences.

Individual phonemes overlap
Time-efficient way to reduce the demands of production

29
Q

Assimilation

A

The changes that a sound undergoes when influenced by its sound environment. Usually result of coarticulation

30
Q

Idiolect

A

Uniqueness of our speech caused by our vocal tract anatomy as well as our personal experience

Includes: rate of speech, stress and intonation patterns, vocal quality, use of vocab and pronunciations

31
Q

Speech

A

Verbal means of communication

Both a pattern of the movements of the speech organs and a pattern of acoustic vibrations

32
Q

Soeech community

A

Group of people who live in the same geographical boundaries and use the same language

33
Q

Regional dialects

A

Ways of using language that are characteristic of people who live in a certain region

34
Q

Lexicon

A

The list of morphemes in a language

35
Q

Free variation allophone

A

When they can be exchanged for one another in a given phonetic context (pop - open or closed at the end)

36
Q

Complementary distribution allophone

A

When they are not normally exchanged for one another in a certain phonetic context

37
Q

Phonetic symbols vs. phonemic symbols

A

Phonetic symbols used to represent allophones or phonetic VARIATIONS of phonemes are placed within brackets [k]

phonemic represents sounds and placed within virgules /k/

38
Q

Diacritic marks

A

marks used to modify a phonetic symbol when the phoneme has a large number of allophonic variations

39
Q

morphemic transcription

A

the identification of meaningful units

40
Q

phonemic transcription

A

identification of sound segments that have linguistic significance in the speaker’s language

41
Q

phonetic transcription

A

identification of the allophonic variants in a speaker’s pattern of sounds

42
Q

What’s associated with each category?
Dictionary
Lexicon
Phonemic System
Phonetic Events

A

Words
Morphemes
Phonemes
Allophones

43
Q

Digraphs

A

sequences of two or more alphabetic characters that represent a single sound. e.g. path, phone, ghost, shy

These sounds are single phonemes - different from consonant clusters e.g. st, sp

44
Q

Morphs

A

Individual morpheme like shapes encountered in a language sample

drunkometer - the o is a morph not morpheme because it doesn’t hold particular meaning

45
Q

phone

A

any occurrence of a sound segment of speech - building blocks to determine phonemes and allophones

46
Q

neologisms

A

newly coined words

sometimes produce strange twists in word derivations “workaholic”

47
Q

allographs

A

Different letters or combinations of letters that represent the same phoneme e.g. the word “ship”, allographs may be sh, s, ss, ch, ti, ci, x.

48
Q

affixing

A

adding pre-fixes or suffixes to words

49
Q

Alphabet

A

Greek alpha + beta; set of letters or other characters used for the writing of a language

50
Q

What terms are used to denote sound locations at the beginning, middle, or end of a word

A

Initial, medial, final

51
Q

Syllable-initial or syllable-final sounds also called

A

releasing and arresting sounds, as it releases the syllable at the beginning of the word or arrest the syllable at the end of the word

e.g. t has a word-initial and syllable initial sound on it’s own, but only syllable-initial sound in the word “turn”

52
Q

Geminate

A

l. geminus, meaning “twin”; sounds occur together as a pair, that is, two adjacent sounds are the same

e.g. “bookkeeper” - the two k’s, but not the “oo” or “ee” as those represent one sound

Occur medially (middle of words) or across word boundaries, as in “sad day’

53
Q

General form of syllable

A

initial margin + nucleus + final margin

54
Q

3 main positions of initial and final margins of a syllable

A

null (no consonant)
single consonant
cluster (sequence of consonants)

55
Q

Onset

A

initial margin or releasing consonant of a syllable

56
Q

Morphophonemics

A

Reflecting both sound and meaning

Refers to changes in pronunciation (phonemic) when bound morphemes are added to word

E.g. jumped has “t” sound at end, where jogged has “d”. Both added ed at end

57
Q

Syllabary

A

Phonetic writing system that uses symbols to represent syllables rather than individual sounds

E.g. deciding with (V) and (CV)

58
Q

Grammar

A

The set of rules to combine units of meaning into novel utterance

59
Q

Orthography (English)

A

Writing system that represents English using the 26 letters of the alphabet

60
Q

Inflectional affixes

A
  1. S (plural)
  2. ‘S (noun possessive)
  3. S (verb present tense third person singular “run to runs”)
  4. Ing (verb present participle/gerund)
  5. Ed (verb past tense)
  6. En (verb past perfect participle)
  7. Er (adjective comparative)
    8: est (adjective superlative)
61
Q

Compound words are one morpheme because?

A

They represent one entity

E.g. sidewalks
Cupboard
Grandfather

Clinical Phonetics (3 decks)

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