Chapter 1 Flashcards
Phonetics
The study of the production and perception of speech sounds
Using a system of symbols to that accurately and reliably represent the sounds of a language
Phonology
The sound system of the language: the structure and function of the sounds of a language
- group of specific sounds used in that language
- permissible variations of those sounds when produced
- particular rules for combining those sounds
consonants and vowels Make up a phonology system
Phonotactics
Phonological rules that dictate what positions in the syllable a phonetic segment is permitted to occupy and how the sounds can combine
Acoustic Phonetics
physical properties of sound (frequency, amplitude, duration)
Articulatory Phonetics
physiological or informational or descriptive - How and where sounds are produced in the dynamic vocal tract
perceptual phonetics
study of how we hear and interpret speech sounds
Informational domain
knowledge about speech sounds. first phoneme in above and final phoneme in sofa is the most frequently-occurrring speech sound in the English language
Perceptual Domain
How we perceive and discriminate productions of speech sounds
emphasizes listening (perceptual discrimination) of speech sounds and then describing using phonetic symbols (phonetic transcription)
Linguistic Complexity
divides speech into isolation, word, sentence, conversation or continuous speech
response complexity
one sound or multiple sounds
system complexity
phonetic transcription, two-way scoring, 5-way scoring
phonetic transcription
describing what the client says
more complex than the 2 or 5 way scoring
international phonetic alphabet
broad or narrow transcription
Consonants (closed sounds)
speech sounds produced as a results of air moving through the vocal tract encoountering constriction or obstruction
singleton - bat (consonants by themselves)
sequence - stops (consonants in a series - this is also called cluster example vs .across syllables “husband”)
Articulators
lips, front teeth, lower jaw, tongue, velum -obstruct or modify the outgoing breath stream to produce these types of sounds
vowels
speech sounds produced as a results of air moving through a relatively open vocal tract
nucleus of a syllable
most acoustic energy
referred to as the peak of the syllable egdgsfsd
syllable
unit of pronunciation consisting of a vowel sound alone or a vowel sound with the consonants that precede or follow it
prevocalic consonants (onset)
consonants that come before the vowel
postvocalic consonants (coda)
consonants that come after the vowel
Rime
= nucleus/peak (vowel) + coda
Phonogram
Written representation of the rime
E.G. “Ap” for map, tap, nap
Open syllables
Any syllable that ends with a vowel sound; no coda present
Closed syllable
Any syllable ending with a consonant sound - these have a coda
Simple syllables
Contain no consonants or only singleton consonants
Complex syllables
Contains at least one sequence
E.g. ask, spy, sprint
Phoneme
Smallest unit of sound that distinguishes words from each other.
When a speech sound (phone) is used to differentiate meaning in words, we call this a phoneme
Allophone or allophonic variation
Variant pronunciations of a particular phoneme
Phonotactic constraints
Allowable combinations of sounds in a particular language
Coarticulation
Process that occurs as we produce sounds together in syllables, words, phrases, and sentences.
Individual phonemes overlap
Time-efficient way to reduce the demands of production
Assimilation
The changes that a sound undergoes when influenced by its sound environment. Usually result of coarticulation
Idiolect
Uniqueness of our speech caused by our vocal tract anatomy as well as our personal experience
Includes: rate of speech, stress and intonation patterns, vocal quality, use of vocab and pronunciations
Speech
Verbal means of communication
Both a pattern of the movements of the speech organs and a pattern of acoustic vibrations
Soeech community
Group of people who live in the same geographical boundaries and use the same language
Regional dialects
Ways of using language that are characteristic of people who live in a certain region
Lexicon
The list of morphemes in a language
Free variation allophone
When they can be exchanged for one another in a given phonetic context (pop - open or closed at the end)
Complementary distribution allophone
When they are not normally exchanged for one another in a certain phonetic context
Phonetic symbols vs. phonemic symbols
Phonetic symbols used to represent allophones or phonetic VARIATIONS of phonemes are placed within brackets [k]
phonemic represents sounds and placed within virgules /k/
Diacritic marks
marks used to modify a phonetic symbol when the phoneme has a large number of allophonic variations
morphemic transcription
the identification of meaningful units
phonemic transcription
identification of sound segments that have linguistic significance in the speaker’s language
phonetic transcription
identification of the allophonic variants in a speaker’s pattern of sounds
What’s associated with each category?
Dictionary
Lexicon
Phonemic System
Phonetic Events
Words
Morphemes
Phonemes
Allophones
Digraphs
sequences of two or more alphabetic characters that represent a single sound. e.g. path, phone, ghost, shy
These sounds are single phonemes - different from consonant clusters e.g. st, sp
Morphs
Individual morpheme like shapes encountered in a language sample
drunkometer - the o is a morph not morpheme because it doesn’t hold particular meaning
phone
any occurrence of a sound segment of speech - building blocks to determine phonemes and allophones
neologisms
newly coined words
sometimes produce strange twists in word derivations “workaholic”
allographs
Different letters or combinations of letters that represent the same phoneme e.g. the word “ship”, allographs may be sh, s, ss, ch, ti, ci, x.
affixing
adding pre-fixes or suffixes to words
Alphabet
Greek alpha + beta; set of letters or other characters used for the writing of a language
What terms are used to denote sound locations at the beginning, middle, or end of a word
Initial, medial, final
Syllable-initial or syllable-final sounds also called
releasing and arresting sounds, as it releases the syllable at the beginning of the word or arrest the syllable at the end of the word
e.g. t has a word-initial and syllable initial sound on it’s own, but only syllable-initial sound in the word “turn”
Geminate
l. geminus, meaning “twin”; sounds occur together as a pair, that is, two adjacent sounds are the same
e.g. “bookkeeper” - the two k’s, but not the “oo” or “ee” as those represent one sound
Occur medially (middle of words) or across word boundaries, as in “sad day’
General form of syllable
initial margin + nucleus + final margin
3 main positions of initial and final margins of a syllable
null (no consonant)
single consonant
cluster (sequence of consonants)
Onset
initial margin or releasing consonant of a syllable
Morphophonemics
Reflecting both sound and meaning
Refers to changes in pronunciation (phonemic) when bound morphemes are added to word
E.g. jumped has “t” sound at end, where jogged has “d”. Both added ed at end
Syllabary
Phonetic writing system that uses symbols to represent syllables rather than individual sounds
E.g. deciding with (V) and (CV)
Grammar
The set of rules to combine units of meaning into novel utterance
Orthography (English)
Writing system that represents English using the 26 letters of the alphabet
Inflectional affixes
- S (plural)
- ‘S (noun possessive)
- S (verb present tense third person singular “run to runs”)
- Ing (verb present participle/gerund)
- Ed (verb past tense)
- En (verb past perfect participle)
- Er (adjective comparative)
8: est (adjective superlative)
Compound words are one morpheme because?
They represent one entity
E.g. sidewalks
Cupboard
Grandfather
