Practice Test 4 Review

Question 1

Beta Decay

Answer 1

Beta decay is a type of radioactive decay where an electron is removed from the nucleus - In the case of this kind of decay, a neutron splits into a proton and an electron, the electron leaves the atom and the proton stays in the nucleus - The atomic number (number of protons) increases by one and the mass number (protons+neutrons) remains the same

Question 2

Alpha Decay

Answer 2

A helium nucleus is lost during alpha decay - also known as an alpha particle - Two protons and two neutrons will be lost during alpha decay (the atomic number [bottom number] will decrease by two and the mass number [top, larger number] will decrease by 4)

Question 3

What are the principle oxidation states of copper?

Answer 3

The principle oxidation states of copper are +1 and +2

Question 4

What occurs at the cathode in a galvanic cell?

Answer 4

Reduction occurs at the cathode

Question 5

What happens as Ksp increases?

Answer 5

The higher the Ksp the more soluble the compound is

Question 6

What does it mean when a compound is soluble?

Answer 6

When a compound is soluble it means that it will dissolve into aqueous ions in solution - The ions dissociate easily

Question 7

Covalent compounds in water

Answer 7

Covalent compounds typically don’t dissolve in water and if they do dissolve in water they do not split into individual atoms like ionic compounds do in water - nonpolar covalent molecules typically create a separate layer on the surface of water - polar covalen molecules dissolve in water but they dont separate into ions

Question 8

Reduction potential and HCl

Answer 8

The lower the reduction potential the more it will react with HCl

Question 9

Formula to find the pH

Answer 9

pH = -log [H+]

Question 10

In gel column filtration what compound will elute first?

Answer 10

In gel column filtration small compounds will get stuck in the porous beads and larger molecules will go through the column and elute first

Question 11

What happens in an ester hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 11

In an ester hydrolysis reaction water will attack the carbonyl carbon of an ester and displace an alcohol - In this reaction the water is acting as a nucleophile because the carbonyl carbon has a partial positive charge

Question 12

Hydrostatic pressure formula

Answer 12

P_hydro=pgh

Hydrostatic pressure = (density)(gravity)(height or depth)

Question 13

In an IR absorption pattern what does a sharp peak at 1700 cm^-1 mean?

Answer 13

A compound with a carbonyl carbon will exhibit a peak at 1700 cm^-1

Question 14

What does a broad 3300 cm^-1 on an IR absorption pattern mean?

Answer 14

A broad 3300 cm^-1 characteristic means there is an O-H stretch in the compound

Question 15

What does gluconeogenesis do?

Answer 15

Gluconeogenesis creates glucose using glycerol and amino acids

Question 16

Ketone body synthesis

Answer 16

Ketone body synthesis uses fatty acids as a source of fuel rather than amino acids - so using ketone bodies would reduce the need to breakdown proteins, inturn decreasing the loss of essential proteins - Ketone body synthesis allows for the transfer of fatty acid carbons to other tissues for oxidation and energy generation

Question 17

What is hyperglycemia?

Answer 17

Hyperglycemia means elevated blood sugar level

Question 18

What roles of the pancreas are considered endocrine functions

Answer 18

Secretion of glucagon and insulin into the bloodsteam are the endocrine functions of the pancreas

Question 19

What kind of hormone is insulin

Answer 19

Insulin is a peptide hormone

Question 20

How does sympathetic action affect digestion?

Answer 20

Sympathetic action decreases blood flow to the intestines, decreases water reabsorption in the intestines, and inhibits peristalsis

Question 21

What does calcium bind to in a muscle cell?

Answer 21

Calcium binds to troponin - When calcium binds to troponin it causes a conformational change which moves tropomyosin out of the way of the myosin binding sites on actin

Question 22

What is a racemic mixture

Answer 22

A recemic mixture is a mixture that has equal amounts of left and right handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule

Question 23

What is a erythrocyte?

Answer 23

A red blood cell is an erythrocyte

Question 24

The pyruvate produced by glycolysis in a erythrocyte is further metabolized into?

Answer 24

Lactate - lactic acid fermentation occurs in conditions where there is no oxygen - converting pyruvate to lactate and regenerating NAD+ for use in the glycolysis pathway again

Question 25

How is cholesterol used in the plasma membrane when temperatures drop?

Answer 25

Cholesterol increases the fluidity of the membrane by preventing phospholipids from clumping together - so when the membrane is cold cholesterol content will increase to maintain its fluidity

Question 26

What is the job of the golgi apparatus?

Answer 26

The golgi apparatus “sorts” proteins for their ultimate destination

Question 27

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

Answer 27

The integumentary system contains the skin, hair and nails - the functions of this system include: Protection against infection, Thermoregulation via sweat glands and capillaries, and regulation of water movement via the relative impermeability of the epidermis

Question 28

Incentive theory

Answer 28

This theory states that individuals are motivated to behave in a certain way based on external forces