Practice Test 4 Review Flashcards
Beta Decay
Beta decay is a type of radioactive decay where an electron is removed from the nucleus - In the case of this kind of decay, a neutron splits into a proton and an electron, the electron leaves the atom and the proton stays in the nucleus - The atomic number (number of protons) increases by one and the mass number (protons+neutrons) remains the same
Alpha Decay
A helium nucleus is lost during alpha decay - also known as an alpha particle - Two protons and two neutrons will be lost during alpha decay (the atomic number [bottom number] will decrease by two and the mass number [top, larger number] will decrease by 4)
What are the principle oxidation states of copper?
The principle oxidation states of copper are +1 and +2
What occurs at the cathode in a galvanic cell?
Reduction occurs at the cathode
What happens as Ksp increases?
The higher the Ksp the more soluble the compound is
What does it mean when a compound is soluble?
When a compound is soluble it means that it will dissolve into aqueous ions in solution - The ions dissociate easily
Covalent compounds in water
Covalent compounds typically don’t dissolve in water and if they do dissolve in water they do not split into individual atoms like ionic compounds do in water - nonpolar covalent molecules typically create a separate layer on the surface of water - polar covalen molecules dissolve in water but they dont separate into ions
Reduction potential and HCl
The lower the reduction potential the more it will react with HCl
Formula to find the pH
pH = -log [H+]
In gel column filtration what compound will elute first?
In gel column filtration small compounds will get stuck in the porous beads and larger molecules will go through the column and elute first
What happens in an ester hydrolysis reaction?
In an ester hydrolysis reaction water will attack the carbonyl carbon of an ester and displace an alcohol - In this reaction the water is acting as a nucleophile because the carbonyl carbon has a partial positive charge
Hydrostatic pressure formula
Phydro=pgh
Hydrostatic pressure = (density)(gravity)(height or depth)
In an IR absorption pattern what does a sharp peak at 1700 cm-1 mean?
A compound with a carbonyl carbon will exhibit a peak at 1700 cm-1
What does a broad 3300 cm-1 on an IR absorption pattern mean?
A broad 3300 cm-1 characteristic means there is an O-H stretch in the compound
What does gluconeogenesis do?
Gluconeogenesis creates glucose using glycerol and amino acids
Ketone body synthesis
Ketone body synthesis uses fatty acids as a source of fuel rather than amino acids - so using ketone bodies would reduce the need to breakdown proteins, inturn decreasing the loss of essential proteins - Ketone body synthesis allows for the transfer of fatty acid carbons to other tissues for oxidation and energy generation
What is hyperglycemia?
Hyperglycemia means elevated blood sugar level
What roles of the pancreas are considered endocrine functions
Secretion of glucagon and insulin into the bloodsteam are the endocrine functions of the pancreas
What kind of hormone is insulin
Insulin is a peptide hormone
How does sympathetic action affect digestion?
Sympathetic action decreases blood flow to the intestines, decreases water reabsorption in the intestines, and inhibits peristalsis
What does calcium bind to in a muscle cell?
Calcium binds to troponin - When calcium binds to troponin it causes a conformational change which moves tropomyosin out of the way of the myosin binding sites on actin
What is a racemic mixture
A recemic mixture is a mixture that has equal amounts of left and right handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule
What is a erythrocyte?
A red blood cell is an erythrocyte
The pyruvate produced by glycolysis in a erythrocyte is further metabolized into?
Lactate - lactic acid fermentation occurs in conditions where there is no oxygen - converting pyruvate to lactate and regenerating NAD+ for use in the glycolysis pathway again
How is cholesterol used in the plasma membrane when temperatures drop?
Cholesterol increases the fluidity of the membrane by preventing phospholipids from clumping together - so when the membrane is cold cholesterol content will increase to maintain its fluidity
What is the job of the golgi apparatus?
The golgi apparatus “sorts” proteins for their ultimate destination
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
The integumentary system contains the skin, hair and nails - the functions of this system include: Protection against infection, Thermoregulation via sweat glands and capillaries, and regulation of water movement via the relative impermeability of the epidermis
Incentive theory
This theory states that individuals are motivated to behave in a certain way based on external forces
