Gen Chem Flashcards
Avogadros Law
V1/n1=V2/n2
The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas if the pressure and temperature are constant
Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
Carbon-12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons
Carbon-13 has 6 protons and 7 neutrons
Alpha decay
A type of radioactive decay where the nucleus releases a helium nucleus (2 protons and 2 neutrons)
In alpha decay, the mass number decreases by 4 and the atomic number decreases by 2
Molecular weight
The mass of a molecule, calculated by adding the atomic weight of each atom in the molecule
Electronegativity
The ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself
In general, electronegativity increases moving up and to the right of the periodic table
Charles law
V1/T1 = V2/T2
The volume and temperature of an ideal gas are directly proportional if the pressure and number of moles of gas are constant
Anode
The electrode where oxidation takes place
The anode has a negative charge in galvanic cells and a positive charge in electrolytic cells
Cathode
The electrode where reduction takes place
The cathode has a positive charge in galvanic cells and a negative charge in electrolytic cells
Ionization energy
The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom
In general, the ionization energy increases moving yo and to the right on the periodic table
Reduction
Reduction is the gain of electrons
GER : Gain Electrons Reduction
Real gases
Real gases have molecules that do occupy volume and experience intermolecular forces
The volume available to a real gas in a container is less than that of an ideal gas because real gas molecules occupy volume
The pressure of a real gas is less than an ideal gas because real gases are attracted to each other by their intermolecular forces
Atomic weight
The weighted average of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element
Enthalpy
The sun of the internal energy and product of the pressure and volume of a system
Half-Life
The time it takes for a compound to be reduced to half of its initial concentration
Used to age fossils and for the designing the dosage of medications
Oxidation
Oxidation is the loss of electrons
LEO : Lose Electrons Oxidation
Ground state
The lowest possible energy state
And Adam in an excited state may return to the ground state by emitting energy
Effective nuclear charge
The attractive forces felt by the Valance electrons from the nucleus
The attractive force felt by the valance electrons is so by the other electrons in the atom due to the shielding effect provided by the core electrons
Excited state
Any state with energy greater than the ground state
And atom may enter the excited state by absorbing energy
Standard temperature and pressure
Temperature = 0°C or 273 K
Pressure = 1 atm or 760 mmHg
The volume of one mole of gas at STP is 22.4 L
Free energy
The energy available to do work in a chemical reaction to denoted by G
If delta G is zero then the reaction of absorbs free energy and is non-spontaneous
Kelvin scale
A temperature scale with absolute zero being zero
Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature where all molecules stop moving
Mass number
The sum of the protons and neutrons in and Atom
Paramagnetism
And Atom at least one unpaired electrons in its orbitals
Action has an electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p4 and is a paramagnetic species
Ideal gas law
PV = nRT
P= Pressure V = Volume n = moles of gas R = gas constant T = temp in K
Bronsted Lowry Base
A molecule that accepts protons
Electron affinity
The energy associated with adding an electron to Atom
In general electron affinity increases moving up and to the right of the periodic table
Alkali Metals
The first group of elements on the periodic table
Li, Na, K, Rn, Cs, Fr
alkali metals are extremely reactive and readily lose their only valence electron to form +1 Cations
Le chateliers principle
If a reaction at equilibrium is stressed the reaction will shift in order to counteract the stress
Stress may include changes in volume, temperature or concentration of a reactant or product
Atomic number
The number of protons in and Atom
the atomic number uniquely identifies the elements
Ideal gas
A gas with molecules that have perfectly elastic collisions, have kinetic energy proportional to temperature, do not occupy any volume, and do not experience any intermolecular forces
Ideal gases do not exist and are purely hypothetical
Molecular formula
An expression that describes the number of each atom in a molecule
Core electrons
Any electrons in an atom besides the valence electrons
Core electrons shield valance electrons from the full positive charge of the nucleus
Bronsted Lowry Acid
A molecule that donates protons
Noble Gases
The last group of elements on the periodic table
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn
The noble gases have a completed shell of electrons and tend to be chemically inert and unreactive
Equilibrium constant
The value of the reaction quotient when the reaction is at equilibrium
The value of the equilibrium constant is always the same for given reactions unless the temperature is changed
Alkaline Earth Metals
The second group of elements on the periodic table
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Rn
Alkaline earth metals are fairly reactive and readily lose both of their valence electrons to form +2 cations
Standard conditions
Temperature = 25°C or 298 K
Pressure 1 atm or 760 mmHg
Initial concentration of all products and reactants = 1M
Halogens
The second to last group of elements on the periodic table
F, Cl, Br, I, and At
Halogens are very reactive and readily gain a valance electron to form a -1 anion
Boyle’s Law
P1V1=P2V2
The pressure and the volume of an ideal gas are inversely proportional if the temperature and the number …
Diamagnetism
And Adam without any unpaired electrons in its orbitals
Magnesium as an electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 2s2and is a diamagnetic species
Beta+ decay
A type of radioactive decay where the nucleus emits a positron
In beta+ decay, The atomic number decreases by one and the mass number does not change
Nuclear charge
The charge of the nucleus which is equal to the atomic number
The charge of the nucleus is determined solely by the number of protons because neutrons have no charge
Valence electrons
Electrons in the outer most shell of the atom
Valence electrons are important because they are the electrons involved with forming chemical bonds
Empirical formula
An expression that describes the ratio of each atom in a molecule
